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Language Science Exam 3 > Pragmatics > Flashcards

Pragmatics Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of non-literal language

A 
Irony/sarcasm
Understatement
Overstatement
Metaphor
Idioms
Slang
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2
Q

What is non-literal language?

A

Often what we say is different from what we mean

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3
Q

Why do we use overstatements?

A

we overstate it in a way to state how we feel about it

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4
Q

What do we use slang?

A

Often used by younger people to exclude older people

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5
Q

Why do we use understatements?

A

Understate what we really mean to be polite; but, your intentions are clear

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6
Q

Why do we use indirect speech acts?

A

To show politeness; depends on who you’re talking to

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7
Q

Continuum of indirect speech acts:

A

Less polite (best friends/siblings) –> acquaintances –> strangers –> most polite (boss/professors)

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8
Q

Serial Model of Non-Literal Language Processing

A

Serial view - meanings are processed one at a time; the literal meaning is always processed first
Process:
1. Analyze literal meaning
2. Find literal meaning defective
3. Seek another interpretation using context and other know meanings

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9
Q

Parallel Model of Non-Literal Language Processing

A

Parallel view - all meanings are processed at the same time

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10
Q

Process of the serial view:

A
  1. Analyze literal meaning
  2. Find literal meaning defective
  3. Seek another interpretation using context and other know meanings
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11
Q

Assumptions of the serial view:

A
  1. The literal meaning is always processed first
  2. Figurative meanings are harder to process than literal meanings
  3. If the literal meaning can fit, the figurative meaning should be difficult to process
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12
Q

Process of the parallel view:

A
  1. All meanings are searched at once
  2. Choose meaning with the strongest activation (the meaning that best fits the context, the meaning that is most common)
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13
Q

Assumptions of the parallel view:

A
  1. Figurative and literal meanings are both processed

2. Context or frequency of use can affect strength of activation

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14
Q

Gibb’s experiment

A
  • Subjects read sentences along with either their literal meaning or their nonliteral indirect meaning
  • The subjects decide if the second sentence was a true paraphrase of the first sentence
  • Other subjects did the same task, but they read a paragraph context before making the decision
  • Serial view says the literal meaning should be verified fastest
    Results: with no context, subjects were faster at verifying literal meanings than nonliteral meanings - SUPPORTED THE SERIAL VIEW
  • When reading a context paragraph before making their decisions
  • The serial view would predict the literal meaning should be verified fastest regardless of context
  • The parallel view would predict with context, the indirect meaning should be verified faster
    Results: When context was provided, subjects were faster to verify the nonliteral (indirect) meanings than the literal meanings - SUPPORTED THE PARALLEL VIEW
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15
Q

Results of Gibb’s experiment:

A

Sentence with their literal meaning or nonliteral meaning:
Results: With no context, subjects were faster at verifying literal meanings than nonliteral meanings - SUPPORTED THE SERIAL VIEW
Context paragraph before making their decisions
Results: When context was provided, subjects were faster to verify the nonliteral (indirect) meanings than the literal meanings - SUPPORTED THE PARALLEL VIEW

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16
Q

Glucksberg’s Experiment

A
  • Had subjects verify sentences
  • Only interested in the false sentences
  • Some sentences were just literally false, some sentences were literally false, but metaphorically true
  • According to eh serial view, people should be equally fast in identifying literally false sentences
  • According to the parallel view, people should be slower to say false to the metaphorically true sentences
    Results: Literally false sentences were verified faster than literally false, metaphorically true sentences - PARALLEL VIEW WAS SUPPORTED
17
Q

Results of the Glucksberg Experiment:

A

Results: Literally false sentences were verified faster than literally false, metaphorically true sentences - PARALLEL VIEW WAS SUPPORTED

18
Q

Non-literal language seems to violate _______.

A

maxims

19
Q

Sarcasm violates the maxim of _____

A

quality

20
Q

Idioms violate the maxim of _________

A

manner and relevance

21
Q

We use the ___________ to understand the intended message in non-literal language.

A

Cooperative principle - the speaker expects us to recognize the violate

Language Science Exam 3 (7 decks)

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