Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of how language is affected by the situation in which it is used, of how language is used to get things or perform actions, and of how words can express things that are different from what they appear to mean

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2
Q

Mitigating device

A

Expression used to soften an imposition,
‘could you please close the door’
please be quiet for a minute’

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3
Q

FTA (face threatening act)

A

Utterance/action which threatens a person’s public image

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4
Q

Positive politeness strategy

A

Showing solidarity with another (I really like the way you’ve done this) make individuals feel good about themselves, boost self-esteem of others -> liked back

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5
Q

Negative politeness strategy

A

Appealing to the hearts negative, give illusion of choice

Basically anything focusing on ensuring the hearer’s freedom of choice can be a negative politeness strategy.

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6
Q

Off-record

A

Involves indirectness and ambiguity, where the speaker implies their message rather than stating it explicitly

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7
Q

Bald on-record

A

A direct speech act using an imperative construction without any, mitigation strategies.
[communicating in a direct and explicit manner, without using hedges, indirectness, or politeness strategies. The speaker conveys their message clearly and and straightforwardly,]

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8
Q

Direct speech acts

A

SA where form corresponds with function

(sit down, did the boss arrive?)

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9
Q

Indirect speech act

A

SA where form does not correspond with function

(would you like to take a seat? I wonder where put my keys)

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10
Q

Generic

A

Expression, can be understand without context (here and there = anywhere, you = anybody)

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11
Q

Deictic

A

pointing words

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12
Q

Personal Deictic

A

Forms used to point to people:
I, you, she, them, it

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13
Q

Temporal deixis

A

forms used to point to location in time:
now, then, today, last week, next Tuesday

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14
Q

Spatial deixis

A

Forms used to point to a location in space

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15
Q

Decitic centre

A

The reference point used to interpret the meaning of deictic terms, normally the speaker’s location (in time and space)

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16
Q

Proximal

A

Near the speaker

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17
Q

Distal

A

Far from the speaker

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18
Q

Presuppostion

A

An unstated background assumption that assumes to be true (survives negotiation)

When did you stop playing tennis - the presupposition is the person did play tennis (what used to happen)

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19
Q

Lexical

A

the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as the other meaning (word) will be understood

  • Mary stopped running (she used to run)
  • Are you late again (you were late again)
  • stop, again, still, before, are taken to presuppose another (unstated concept)
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20
Q

Existential

A

An assumption that something exists

The car was broken, the book is new

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21
Q

Factive

A

Assumption that information stated after certain words (know, realise, regret, glad, recall) is true

  • She didn’t realise he was ill (he was ill)
  • we regret telling him (we told him)
  • I wasn’t aware that she was married (she was married
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22
Q

Non-factive

A

The assumption that some information stated after certain words (dream, imagine, pretend) is not true

  • he pretends to be ill (he is not ill
  • we imagined that we were in London (we were not in London)
23
Q

Structural

A

the assumption associated with the use of certain structures

  • WH-question constructions
  • The listener perceives that the information is necessarily true or intended as true by the speaker
24
Q

Counterfactual

A

Assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts

  • If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this (you are not my daughter)
  • If I were rich, I would buy a Ferrari (I’m not rich)
  • They wish they could go on vacation now (they cannot go on vacation now)
  • I wish I had studied medicine (I did not study medicine)
25
Q

Entailment

A

Amending that follows logically from an utterance

  • I forgot to buy milk (what happens after, the consequence) (does not survive negation
26
Q

Sociopragmatic failure

A

mistakes in communication from understanding social and cultural norms. Leads to social misunderstandings

27
Q

Pragma lingusitic failure

A

refers to communication breakdowns caused by incorrect or inappropriate language used in specific contexts, despite knowing the grammar and vocabulary well

28
Q

Explicature

A

What is explicitly said

29
Q

Implicature

A

the hidden meaning (what is meant)

30
Q

Generalised implicature

A

can be understood without context, has one intended meaning

31
Q

Particularised implicature

A

need context since it can be interpreted in different ways (you will have to pay for that)

32
Q

Scalar implicature

A

a subtype of generalised implicature

33
Q

Conversational implicature

A

An addition unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle

34
Q

Hedges

A

Cautious notes expressed about how an utterance is taken, e.g. as far as I know used when giving some information

35
Q

General conditions

A

participants understand that language, are not roleplaying

36
Q

Content conditions

A

For commissives (promises), a future event concerning the speaker

37
Q

Preparatory conditions

A

What needs to be the case, e.g. for a promise to be made

38
Q

Sincerity conditions

A

the speaker intends to carry out the promised activity

39
Q

Essential conditions

A

the speaker intends to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised

40
Q

Grice’s cooperative principle

A

describes how people achieve effective conversational communication in common social situations

41
Q

Maxim of Quantity

A

Give the appropriate amount of information

(A: I haven’t seen you all day. What have you been up to?
B: Not much)

42
Q

Maxim of Quality

A

Be sincere, do not intentionally lie

As far as I know…needless to say

43
Q

Maxim of relation (relevance)

A

Make what you say relevant to the ongoing conversation.

Oh, by the way, I’m not sure this is relevant but….

44
Q

Maxim of manner

A

avoid obscurity or ambiguity, be brief, be orderly

45
Q

Flouting

A

failing to follow a maxim on the surface

(what is said, not much)

46
Q

Violating maxim

A

Intentionally misleading or failing act cooperatively

(X: Excuse me do you know the time
Y: Yes (end of convo) (none of your business))

47
Q

Commissive Speech Act

A

Committing the speaker to future action

(I’ll always e here you) I promise, I will do it

48
Q

Declaration

A

Statements, a speech act bringing in change by being uttered (words that are perform by their utterance (performatives)).

I bet/I resign/I warn… I declare this tournament open

49
Q

Representatives

A

Words mean what speakers believe to be the case.

I think that the exam will be easy, today is Tuesday

50
Q

Directives

A

Words intended to make addresses do something.

Close the door, you cannot go in there, I suggest that you…

51
Q

Negation test

A

A way to test whether an inference is a presupposition or an entailment

52
Q

Assertive

A

Somebody, any, someone, somewhere

53
Q

Nonassertive

54
Q

The Principe of optimal relevance

A
  • The utterance is relevant enough to be worth the addressee’s processing effort
  • And the utterance is the most relevant one compatible with the speakers current state of knowledge