Practice Test Review (Bio)

Question 1

What is the sequence in which information travels from the Central Nervous System to the periphery?

Answer 1

Cerebral Cortex -> Spinal Cord -> Efferent/Motor Neurons -> Muscle Tissue

Question 2

What do afferent nerves do?

Answer 2

Take information to the CNS

Question 3

What do efferent nerves do?

Answer 3

Relay information from the CNS

Question 4

Where do sensory and motor nerves connect to?

Answer 4

Either the spinal cord (spinal nerves) or directly enter the skull (cranial nerves)

Question 5

Describe Glutamate

Answer 5

Main excitatory neurotransmitter, 90% of brain cells are responsive

Question 6

Describe GABA

Answer 6

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, hyper-polarizes cells to reduce action potential.

Question 7

What is the affect of alcohol on GABA?

Answer 7

Alcohol binds and activates GABA receptors, the effects of GABA are associated with alcohol intoxication

Question 8

Describe Glycine (neurotransmitter)

Answer 8

Another inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in the spinal cord and brainstem, works in conjunction with GABA

Question 9

Describe Dopamine. What disease is it associated with?

Answer 9

Used in reward and motor pathways. Loss of dopamine neurons associated with Parkinson’s disease

Question 10

Describe Serotonin

Answer 10

Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain. Low levels associated with depressive mood disorders

Question 11

Describe Acetylcholine

Answer 11

Activates muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. Used in all autonomic outputs from the brain to autonomic ganglia, and in the parasympathetic nervous system for post-ganglionic connections

Question 12

Describe Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 12

Stimulates the fight or flight response. Increases arousal and alertness and focuses attention

Question 13

Muscle activation requires release of _____ from the ______ to cause a mechanical response in the muscle

Answer 13

Muscle activation requires release of CALCIUM from the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM to cause a mechanical response in the muscle

Question 14

The resting potential of neurons is maintained by what?

Answer 14

Sodium-Potassium ATPase (Na+/K+ pump)

Question 15

Describe the direction and the quantity of the sodium potassium pumps

Answer 15

3Na+ out of the cell for every two K+ it brings in

Question 16

Describe depolarization, repolarization, and hyper polarization stages of the action potential

Answer 16

Depolarization- Sodium voltage-gated channels open, Na+ ions rush in until around +40mV
Repolarization- Now that the interior of the cell is positive, the potassium is pushed out by both electrical potential and its concentration gradient. The cell will shoot past the -70mV level
Hyperpolarized- The cell is still below the -70mV, rising slowly back

Question 17

Why is a peptide bond especially stable?

Answer 17

It exhibits resonance stablizaition

Question 18

Can peptide bonds rotate freely?

Answer 18

No, they are planar

Question 19

What does an asterisk over a horizontal line indicate?

Answer 19

Statistically significant difference between the two groups at each end of the line

Question 20

The inflammatory response is classified as a function of what?

Answer 20

Inflammatory response is a function of the innate immune system

Question 21

What is the main distinction of the immune system?

Answer 21

The distinction between the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system

Question 22

Define the adaptive immune system

Answer 22

Learns to recognize specific foreign bodies. B cells and T cells, both of which are lymphocytes

Question 23

Define the innate immune system

Answer 23

Does not learn to recognize specific foreign bodies. Non-cellular and cellular components (leukocytes/white blood cells). Various components can be coordinated in the process of inflammation.

Question 24

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 24

Red blood cell

Question 25

What is an eosinophil?

Answer 25

White blood cell

Question 26

Which contains a nucleus and DNA, erythrocyte or eosinophil?

Answer 26

Eosinophil (white blood cell) contains DNA and a nucleus

Question 27

What do kinases do?

Answer 27

Add a phosphate group to its substrate

Question 28

The automatic nervous system is made of what two parts?

Answer 28

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 29

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 29

Fight or flight. Dilates pupils, raises heart rate, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

Question 30

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 30

Rest and digest. Increases blood flow to digestive systems, slows heart rate, constricts pupils

Question 31

What is the primary function of aldosterone?

Answer 31

increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Aldosterone upregulates the sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and toward the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood).

Question 32

What is troponin required for?

Answer 32

Protein complex required for muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle (not smooth muscle)

Question 33

How does the body respond to high levels of blood sugar? IE: what would an injection of insulin into the bloodstream result in?

Answer 33

Stop making sugar, stop storing the sugar as glycogen building up fatty acids into fats for storing up energy

Question 34

What are homologous structures?

What are analogous structures?

Answer 34

Homologous structures arose from the same source, even if they now have different functions

Analogous structures evolved independently to carry out the same function