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MICROM 301 > Practice Exam > Flashcards

Practice Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of acellular infectious agents? What are their composition?

A

Viroid: consist of single, short RNA molecule (ribonucleic acid, yes only contains nucleic acid).
Prions: consist only of proteins
Viruses: nucleic acid within a protein coat

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2
Q

What are the three domains? What distinguishes them?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Archaea often live in extremes, are single celled prokaryotes, and DON’T HAVE peptidoglycan

Bacteria are single celled prokaryotes that HAVE peptidoglycan

Eukarya include fungi, algae heminths, protozoa
characterized by membrane bound nucleus

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3
Q

Explain the scientific naming system

A

“Genus species”

First letter of genus is capitalized, first of species is not

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4
Q

Compare and contrast algae, fungi, protozoa

A

fungi: use organic material for energy
algae: use photosynthesis
protozoa: use organic material for energy, live in aquatic environments and on other planets, they do not have a rigid cell wall

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5
Q

Gram negative bacteria vs. gram positive bacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria: thin layer of peptidoglycan, when gram stained the cells are PINK - has lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is a molecule on the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram negative

Gram positive bacteria: thick layer of peptidoglycan, when gram stained they are purple

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6
Q

Gram negative bacteria vs. gram positive bacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria: yes porin proteins (allows molecules to pass through outer membrane) thin layer of peptidoglycan, when gram stained the cells are PINK - has lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is a molecule on the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram negative, generally less susceptible to penicillin, no sensitivity to lysozyme; Escherichia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas

Gram positive bacteria: no porin protiens because there is no outer membrane, thick layer of peptidoglycan that contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids, when gram stained they are purple. generally more susceptible to penicillin, sensitivity to lysozyme yes,
bacillus, Staphyloccus, Streptococcus

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7
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

two most common:

coccus: spherical (looks like a ball or pearl)
rod: cylindrical (looks like a hot tamale candy) often called a bacillus

vibrio: short, curved rod
spirillum: curved rod long enough to for spirals
spirochete: spiral shaped with a flexible cell wall and unique mechanism of motility

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8
Q

What are the proteins that bind to the bacterial origin of replication

A

DNA gyrase (helps relieve the tension between strands), helicases

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9
Q

antigenic variation vs. phase variation

A

random mutations in surface level proteins (antigenic) vs. switching on and off of some genes

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10
Q

How are archaeal cytoplasmic membranes different than bacterial membranes?

A

the lipid tails of the archaeal membrane lipids are connected to glycerol by a different chemical linkage and are not fatty acids

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11
Q

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane characeristics

A

selectivley permeable - O2, CO2, N2, small hydropobic compounds can get across the phospholipid bilayer
some cells using simple diffusion; some use aquaporins to move water across the membrane

Things that do NOT move through: ATP, sugars, ions, amino acids, Macromolecules

Transport Mechanisms:

Facilitated Diffusion (uses concentration gradient)

Active Transport: energy is used to move molecules against the concentration gradient. Uses either transporters that use prton motive force,
or ABC transporters where ATP is used as the energy source and binding proteins deliver a molecule to the transporter.

Group Translocation: the transported molecule is chemically altered as it passes into the cell.

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12
Q

protein secretion

A

cells actively move certain proteins they synthesize out of the cell and into the surrounding environment

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13
Q

Where does the bacterial cell make its energy as opposed to eukaryotes?

A

In the cytoplasmic membrane with the electron transport chain (ETC) that creates the proton motive force

(eukaryotes normally make in organelles)

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14
Q

what are the components of peptidoglycan?

A 
NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)
NAM (N-acetylmunmic acid)
Glycan
Peptide Side Chain
covalently joined
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15
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

antibiotic that interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis - functions by preventing the cross linking of adjacent glycan chains 9inhibits enzymes that normally catalyze the cross-linking step

far more effective against gram-positive - because the outer membrane of the gram negative cells prevents the medication from reaching the peptidoglycan layer

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16
Q

What are the two parts of LPS?

A

Lipid A: anchors the LPS molecule in the lipid bilayer

O antigen: is the part of LPS directed away form the membrane; chain of sugar molecules

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17
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane; gel-like substance

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18
Q

what does lysozyme do?

A

enzyme found in tears, saliva and many other body fluids - breaks the bonds that link the alternating subunits of the glycan chains - which destroys the structural integrity of the peptidoglycan molecule - more effective against gram-positive because of the outer membrane on gram negative

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19
Q

flagellin

A

structural subunit of flagella

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20
Q

sex pili

A

prelude to DNA transfer

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21
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

arrangement that surrounds cell

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22
Q

NAATs

A

nucelic acid probes and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) can both be used to detect nucleotide sequences unique to a given species or related group - each probe dtects only a single possibility

23
Q

FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridizaition)

A

often uses probes that bind 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

24
Q

Sequencing Ribosomal RNA genes

A

different prokaryotic rRNAs (5S, 16S, 23S) the 16S is most useful in taxonomy because of its moderate size (1.5k nucleotides). 16S RNA and its eukaryotic counterpart 18S RNA are called small su bunit SS or SSU rRNA

25
Q

chemotaxis

A

motile bacteria sense the presence of chemicals and respond by moving in a certain direction, often the cells move towards the nutrients example: cell moving towards glucose

26
Q

fimbria

A

pili that allow cells to attach to specific surfaces

27
Q

endospores

A

yes they germinate,
withstand high temperatures, withstand antibacterial chemicals, withstand dryness.

They do NOT multiply

28
Q

All of the following are matching pairs except:

endocytosis - pinocytosis

endocytosis - phagocytosis

actin - cell movement

rickettsia - ancestor of a nucleus (WRONG)

cyanobacteria photosythesis

A

rickettsia: is a genus

29
Q

oxidation

A

loss of hydrogen

30
Q

NAD+

A

reducing power

31
Q

Which type of DNA repair is the most error prone?

A

SOS

32
Q

types of DNA repair

A

Light repair, excision repair, mismatch repair, proofreading, SOS

33
Q

what is unique about bacteria?

A

translation begins before transcription is complete

34
Q

Statements that are correct

A

cells of some types of bacteria can sense the density of cells within their own population

cells of some types of bacteria randomly alter their gene expression

once the DNA of a protein region has been sequenced, the “plus” strand is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein

enzymes involved in amino acid synthesis are typically repressible

35
Q

Myxobacteria

A

cooperate amongst themselves, behaving as a multicellular organism

36
Q

do chemolithotrophic prokaryotes function as primary producers?

A

yes

37
Q

What is interesting with Thiomargarita and Thioploca species?

A

they must both cope with the ffact that their energy source and terminal electron acceptor are found in different their locations in the water column

38
Q

What is the active site?

A

the binding site of allosteric inhibitor

39
Q 
thermophile  (45- 70)
mesophile (25- 45)
psychrophile (-5 to 15)
psychrotroph (15 - 30) 
hyperthermophile (70 +)
A

temperatures

40
Q

photoautotrophs

A

primary producers, fixate carbon to organic from CO2,

ex. cynobacteria

41
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

use sun but get carbon from organic compounds

42
Q

chemolithautotrophs

A

inorganic compounds for energy and use CO2 for extreme conditions

43
Q

chemooganoheterotrophs

A

use organic for both energy and carbon, most common microbes associated with humans

44
Q

Which would be easier to do in the laboratory?

Isolate a prototroph from a population of auxotrophs or isolae an auxotroph from a population of prototrophs

A

auxotrophs are easier to isolate and often mutants of the prototroph population

45
Q

correct statements list

interclating agents chemically modify purines and pyrimidines is FALSE

A

ultraviolet radiation can cause thymine dimers to form,
X-rays can introduce singe and double stranded breaks in DNA, transposons cause spontaneous mutations as well as induced mutations; proofreading by a cellular enzyme that synthesizes DNA would be more important than proofreading by a cellular enzyme that synthesizes RNA

46
Q

nonsense mutation

A

early stop

47
Q

missense mutation

A

causes different amino acid

48
Q

frameshift mutation

A

deletion or insertion

49
Q

prototroph vs auxotroph

A

prototroph strains grow on a minimal medium and auxotroph strain lacks the ability to synthesize a nutrient

50
Q

active site

A

binding site of allosteric inhibitor

51
Q

EPS

A

extracellular polymeric substances

52
Q

MacConkey agar

A

both selective and differential

53
Q

obligate anerobes

A

can not grow with O2

54
Q

chemorganotrophs

A

substrate level phosphorylation

oxidative phosorylation

MICROM 301 (10 decks)

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