Practice Exam Flashcards
Types of locks (4)
mortise
preassembled (unit?)
bored (cylinder?)
interconnected (rim?)
Parts of window: sash check rail mullion muntin pane sill
sash: check rail: mullion: muntin: pane: sill:
parts of exit (3)
exit access
exit
exit discharge
common path of egress travel
portion of exit access that occupants are required to traverse before two separate and distinct paths of egress travel to two exits are available
Fire rated ceiling assembly
Part of a complete floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assembly (ceiling cannot be rated on its own)
Hold down clips in rated grid keep rated tiles in place, expansion slots allow expansion from heat
Types of saw cuts (3)
plain (flat): straight lines across grain of log, uneven grain, more warping
quarter: cut in quarters, then boards perpendicular to grain; straight grain
rift: cut radially from center; labor intensive, wasteful, usually used only for oak
waterproofing v dampproofing
waterproofing: for moisture under hydrostatic pressure; easily punctured, membrane coating and filter fabric and drain recommended
dampproofing: moisture not under hydrostatic pressure, membrane coating not required
preventing sound transmission
most important: no gaps, partitions extend full height to structure
also: staggered studs, resilient channel, insulation
sound absorption v sound transmission
sound absorption: within a room
sound transmission: from one room to another
rapidly renewable resources include
wheat board cabinetry
linoleum
bamboo
renewable materials vs recovered materials
renewable: made from plants that can be grown and harvested quickly, usually within 10 years
recovered: reusing materials for a new purpose
building elements to be reused
exterior envelope and structural framing
NOT: windows, non-structural roofing elements
uses for laminated glass
acoustical control (mass and dampening quality of plastic interlayer) decorative safety and security (resistance to breaking)
board-foot
equivalent to a piece of lumber 1” thick x 12” wide x 12” long, or 144 cubic inches
cladding systems
curtain wall stick system:
curtain wall panel system: identical premade panels, attached in one piece, most common
substrate mounted panels: attached to supporting substrate
EIFS
elevator types (3)
gearless traction: highest speeds, tall buildings, dependable and easy to maintain
geared traction: slower but with options for adjusting speeds to buildings needs
hydraulic: lifted from below by a ram, low rise buildings (under 6 stories), slower, better for freight or low occupancy
single ply roofing types (4)
EPDM: black, good resistance to weathering/heat/fatigue, loose laid or adhered, seal seams; cannot be recycled for roofing
CSPE: white, resistant to weathering, not common (replaced by PVC and TPO)
PVC: white, tan, or gray; good resistance to weathering; loose laid or adhered; some environmental concerns
TPO: white, tan, gray, or other; loose laid or adhered, less expensive than EPDM
thermoset v thermoplastic roof
single ply roofs
thermoset: permanent shape (EPDM, CSPE)
thermoplastic: can be reheated and remolded (PVC, TPO)
direct gain
collects heat through south facing windows and stores in concrete floors, masonry walls, tile, stone, etc.; insulated or low e glass
disinfecting water (5)
chlorination: most common to kill bacteria and viruses
chlorimine: weaker than chlorination, usually a secondary disinfectant
ozonation: primary disinfectant, requires secondary; used for cooling towers
UV light: destroys reproduction of bacteria/viruses, must be used with secondary disinfectant
nanofiltration: high pressure through filter
demineralization (3)
ion exchange: treats hard water, zeolite process reverse osmosis (RO): membrane that only water can pass through electrodialysis: requires power, high pressure, expensive
general water treatment methods (4)
pretreatment
filtration
demineralization
disinfection
sprinkler systems (4)
wet pipe: always filled with water, activated through heat sensors or fusible link, discharges water immediately
dry pipe: filled with decompressed air until activated, for pipes that might freeze
deluge: filled with water, all heads discharge at once, where flammable materials are stored or fire could spread quickly
preaction: admit water to pipes after system detects fire, delay allows time for fire to be found and extinguished before sprinkler heads open
types of fire detector (5)
ionization detector: responds to products of combustion, not smoke, early detector
gas-sensing detector: responds to combustion gasses
photoelectric: light beam responds if obscured by smoke
flame detector: respond to infrared or UV from flames
rise of temperature detector: respond to heat
water supply system
upfeed: 40-60 ft tall bldgs (exact height depends on factors like static head, pressure at water main (40-80 psi)
downfeed: pumped first to storage tanks on top, then fed by gravity; limited by max allowable pressure at lowest fixtures (45-60 psi), may require pressure reducing valves
direct upfeed pumping, or tankless system: several pumps used together, one pump used when demand is light, more for higher demand
static head
amount of pressure required to lift water through piping; .433 psi can lift water 1 ft
Voltage per building type: residential small commercial large commercial industrial
Residences: 120/240V, single phase, three wire
Small commercial: 120/208V, three phase, four wire
Larger commercial: 277/480V, three phase, four wire
Industrial: 2400/4160V, three phase, four wire
energy cost budget method
system performance method
prescriptive criteria method
allows for comparison of annual energy costs of design building to a baseline building; must be used to obtain LEED credit, cannot be used for buildings without mechanical systems, or low rise residential
system performance method: complex calculation based on site’s climate, computer modeling
prescriptive criteria method: calcs can be completely quickly, but tend to be more restrictive
HVAC systems
- constant air volume (CAV): inexpensive, but no individual control; residential and small commercial
- VAV: constant air but individual control over how much enters each space, allows individual control of temperatures, quiet operation, minimal maintenance
- high-velocity dual duct: hot and cool air ducts
- reheat (constant volume):
- packaged terminal units: individual control, not as quiet or as low maintenance
- fan coil terminals: individual control, not as quiet or as low maintenance
sound reflection: creep diffusion focusing specular reflection
- creep: along curved surface, like a dome
- diffusion: sound is scattered all around room off of convex surfaces
- focusing: reflection off concave surfaces, directed to specific part of room
- specular reflection: reflection off hard, polished surfaces
conduit or rebar in part of slab that’s in (tension/compression)
tension
at least 3/4” below surface, and no more than 1/3 of slab thickness
fire suppression devices: fire extinguisher wet standpipe dry standpipe fusible link annunciators two-way communications devices
fire extinguisher: no more than 75 feet away
wet standpipe: filled with water, can be used by building occupants
dry standpipe: connect to pumper truck to be filled with water, used by fire department
fusible link: sensor activated by rise of temperature
annunciator: to give instructions to building occupants
two-way communication devices: for occupants who can’t evacuate
passive cooling: stack ventilation pools of water thermal mass cross ventilation
- stack ventilation: cool air drawn in down low, vented out up top
- pools of water: cool hot arid climates through evaporation
- thermal mass: heat is absorbed and stored during day
- cross-ventilation: increases air movement, cools hot-humid climates
banned refrigerants
halon
CFC’s
plantings to control sound
combo of:
deciduous trees
evergreen trees
maximum ideal glare brightness ratio
3:1 (or 1:1/3)
psychrometric chart
- shows interactions between heat, moisture, and air
- dry bulb temperature (vertical lines), humidity (lines curving up left to right), wet bulb temperature (diagonal down)
sizes of HVAC systems (assuming all other factors the same)
- all air is biggest
demand-controlled ventilation (DVC) technology
CO2 sensors increase or decrease ventilation of space according to occupancy, good where occupancy of space can vary greatly at different times during day or week or there is not a high concentration of air contaminants that need to be continuously exhausted
perimeter protection (4)
photoelectric cells: secure entry points (doors, windows), alarm when beam is broken
window screens: with wires that alarm when broken
glass break detectors
magnetic contacts: alarm when contact is broken (door/window is opened)
area/room protection (6)
- photoelectric beam: infrared beam, alarms if broken
- infrared detectors: sense infrared radiation, such as from human body
- audio detectors: sound when higher than usual sound is heard
- pressure detectors: sense weight on floors/surfaces
- ultrasonic detectors: alarm when sound waves are interrupted, up to 50ft x 200ft rooms
- microwave detectors: sense interruptions in microwaves radiation fields
Elevator operation and controls (4): selective collective computerized single automatic collective group automatic operation destination floor guidance
selective collective: answers up calls on up trip, and down calls on down trip
computerized controls: programmed based on building data, traffic patterns, etc. expensive
single automatic: one call at a time, long waits
collective control: all calls at once, without differentiating up and down
group automatic operation: responds to calls in most efficient manner
desgination floor guidance: riders grouped based on destination
ceiling diffuser layout guidelines
spacing approximately equal to ceiling height
curtain board
also called a draft curtain, is suspended from ceiling to prohibit movement of smoke and flame; often used at floor openings (mezzanines, escalators, etc.)
PV types
crystalline: best, most expensive
polycrystalline: most economical
amorphous: applied to other materials
absorption coefficient
0 to 1
.2 to .5 is ideal
plumbing wall sizes
back to back wall hung: 24 inches
one sided wall hung: 12 inches
back to back floor mount: 16 inches
percent energy use for lighting, HVAC, and other
50%, 30%, 20%
Sound intensity level decreases __dB for every doubling of distance
6 dB
most efficient glazing
super windows : two low e coats with gas filled cavities between 3 layers of glass
spectrally selective: blocks heat from infrared light while allowing visible light
low-emissivity:
insulating: double or triple pane
tinted, reflective, or heat-absorbing
exit
exit access
exit discharge
exit: portion of means of egress that is separated from other spaces by fire resistant rated construction
exit access: portion leading from any occupied portion to an exit
exit discharge: between termination of exit and public way
Best time to value engineer
As early as possible, even in initial planning stages
sunk costs
expenses incurred prior to baseline date that cannot be recovered; disregarded in life cycle cost analysis because there’s no way to get the money back
retainage at substantial completion is frequently equivalent to
contractor’s profit, between 5% and 20% (average 10%)
defensible space
allowing residents to control space around their homes; a sense of ownership and control over a space leads to an environment that people will care about and will work to maintain and protect
CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)
encouraging inhabitants to police their own space by designing an environment that clearly allows them to do so; includes clearly defined private/public spaces
New Urbanism
approach to town planning that advocates more diverse housing opportunities and less dependence on cars
Albedo
albedo: measure of how much radiant energy that a surface receives is reflected rather than absorbed (1.0 = highly reflective of heat)
Reduce heat island effect by (reflecting/abosrbing) heat on surface
reflecting
blast energy decreases…
… in inverse proportion to the cube of the distance
as slope of drainage pipe decreases, size must
increase
wetlands regulated by
federal government (US Army Corps of Engineers) and state and local government
basic types of site utilization for urban sites
- rear yard
- courtyard
- side yard
- perimeter yard
min number steps in a flight of stairs
3
horizontal and vertical alignment
horizontal: lay out the curving of roads
vertical: lay out the ups and downs of roads
invert
bottom of a sewer line, drain, catch basin, or manhole
retaining walls taller than __ ft require reinforcing
4 ft
taller walls tend to slide or overturn
moment framing appropriate for buildings up to __ stories tall
30 stories
span of
wood beams
TJIs
up to
20 ft
45 ft
pan joist concrete
reinforced concrete slab that is ribbed in one direction only
- is strong compared to other concrete slab systems, best for buildings with heavy live loads
reentrant corner
inside corners in building shape
- avoid if possible; if not, use drag struts of seismic separation
types of piles
driven: timber, steel, precast concrete, spaced by pile-driving hammers, drop hammers, compressed air, diesel engines
drilled: concrete, optional metal lining
seismic effects not covered by building codes (3)
landslides, avalanches, soil liquefaction
exterior cladding issues (3)
- building code (insulation, fire resistance, air barriers, attachments, durability, tolerances)
- states energy codes (insulation, etc.)
- city planning boards (appearance and detailing)
net assignable space
spaces used for specific functions, not accounting for circulation, toilet rooms, mechanical rooms, walls, etc.
efficiency ratio
ratio of net assignable area to gross area of building
