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DD > Ch26 > Flashcards

Ch26 Flashcards

1
Q

Preferred type of wood for architectural woodwork

A
  • Hardwood, such as oak, mahogany, birch

- Lower cost interior trim may be made of the better grades of pine and fir

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2
Q

Common hardwood species for architectural woodwork

A
  • Red and white oak
  • Ash
  • Walnut
  • Cherry
  • Mahogany
  • Birch
  • Poplar
  • Maple
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3
Q

Architectural woodwork vs. Finish carpentry

A
  • Finish carpentry: final exposed-wood construction, usually nonstrucutral, includes exterior wood siding, interior trim, door and window framing, stair framing, shelving and cabinetry, paneling, and similar finish items
  • Architectural woodwork: finish lumber items fabricated in plant and brought to site, including fine finished cabinetry, wall paneling, custom doors, other items that are best made in controlled factory conditions
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4
Q

Finish carpentry lumber grading

A
  • Selects (B & Better, C Select, D Select)
  • Finish (Superior, prime, E grade)
  • Paneling
  • Commons
  • Siding and alternate boards
  • Western Red Cedar, redwood, and a few others have unique grading rules
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5
Q

Heartwood v. Sapwood

A
  • Heartwood comes from center of tree
  • Sapwood comes from perimeter of tree
  • There may be color variance and differences in resistance to decay between the two
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6
Q

Fingerjointed

A
  • For some softwood trim
  • Method of manufacturing lengths of trim from shorter pieces of lumber, wherein the ends of the short pieces are cut with finger-like projection, glued, and joined together
  • Less expensive but only appropriate where it will be painted
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7
Q

Plain sawing

A
  • All pieces cut in same direction
  • Makes most efficient use of the log and is least expensive
  • Finished surface has characteristic cathedral pattern
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8
Q

Quarter sawing

A
  • Cut log into quarters then saw perpendicular to diameter line
  • Grain pattern is more uniformly vertical
  • Less twisting, cupping, shrinking in width, holds paint better, fewer defects
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9
Q

Rift sawing

A
  • Saw cuts from a quartered log are always made radially to the center of the tree
  • Results in most consistent vertical grain
  • More wasteful, time intensive, and expensive
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10
Q

Solid stocks

A
  • Boards cut from a log (as opposed to thin veneers)
  • Available in 3 cuts, plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn (though not all types of lumber are available in all cuts)
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11
Q

Wood siding wood types

A
  • Redwood (naturally moisture resistant)
  • Cypress (naturally moisture resistant)
  • Cedar
  • Douglas fir
  • Pine
  • and more
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12
Q

Wood siding shapes

A
  • Bevel
  • Shiplap
  • Rabbeted bevel
  • Square edge tongue and groove
  • V-tongue and groove
  • Channel rustic
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13
Q

Wood interior trim types

A
  • Crown molding
  • Chair rails
  • Lase molding
  • Casing
  • Stops
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14
Q

Architectural Woodwork Institute

A
  • Sets standards for architectural woodwork (published in AWI’s “Architectural Woodwork Standards” booklet
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15
Q

Classifying lumber for architectural woodwork

A
  • Grade I, II, or III
  • Based on percent of a board that can be used by cutting out defects
  • Limits on types of defects allowed in any grade
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16
Q

Classifying completed components of architectural woodwork (for construction standards, tolerances, and finished apperarances)

A
  • Premium, custom, or economy grades
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17
Q

Use of veneer in architectural woodwork

A
  • Veneer is thinly cut slice of wood glued to a backing of particleboard or plywood, usually 3/4” thick
  • Used often in woodwork because of limited availability of many hardwood species
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18
Q

Types of veneer cuts

A
  • Plain slicing
  • Quarter slicing
  • Rotary slicing
  • Half round slicing
  • Rift slicing
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19
Q

Rotary slicing veneer cut

A
  • Log is mounted on a lathe and turned against a knice, which peels off a continuous layer of veneer
  • Produces a very pronounced grain pattern that is often undesirable in fine quality wood products
  • Produces most veneer with the least waste
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20
Q

Half round slicing veneer cut

A
  • Log is cut in half and veneer is cut slightly across annular growth rings
  • Results in pronounced grain pattern between rotary slice and plain slice
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21
Q

Rift slicing veneer cut

A
  • Quarter a log then cut at about 15 degree angle to the growth rings
  • Produces straight grain pattern
  • Often used with oak to eliminate appearance of medullary rays
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22
Q

Flitch

A
  • The piece of log from which individual veneers come

- May also be used to describe the particular sequence in which the veneers are taken off the log as it is cut

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23
Q

Use of woodwork joinery details

A
  • Used to increase the strength of the joint and improve the appearance by eliminating mechanical fasteners
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24
Q

Common types of joinery details for architectural woodwork

A
  • Half lap
  • Finger joint
  • Scarf
  • Rabbet
  • Dado
  • Dovetail dado
  • Miter
  • Shoulder miter
  • Splinted miter
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25
Q

Architectural woodwork cabinets

A
  • Fully assembled in shop and set in place on the job site
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26
Q

Countertops

A
  • Built separately from base cabinets and put in place in field
  • Scribe piece on top of backsplash or back of countertop allows it to be trimmed in the field to match any irregularities in wall
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27
Q

Types of laminate countertop edges

A
  • Self edge
  • Bullnose edge
  • Dripless ledge
  • Beveled hardwood edge
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28
Q

Categories of door and drawer front construction for cabinetry

A
  • Flush
  • Flush overlay
  • Reveal overlay
  • Lipped overlay
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29
Q

Flush construction for cabinetry doors/drawers

A
  • Door or drawer is flush with face frame
  • More expensive to get precise fit
  • With time and use, drawers and doors may sag, resulting in non-uniform spacing and binding against frame
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30
Q

Flush overlay construction for cabinetry doors/drawers

A
  • Doors/drawers overlap face frame of cabinet, with edges separated only enough to allow operation without touching, usually 1/8” or less
  • More time/expense to get precise fit
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31
Q

Reveal overlay construction for cabinetry doors/drawers

A
  • Edges of adjacent doors/drawers are separated enough to reveal face frame behind
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32
Q

Lipped overlay construction for cabinetry doors/drawers

A
  • Part of the door or drawer overlaps the frame and covers the joint between two adjacent pieces
33
Q

Wood blocking

A
  • Installed in stud cavity behind wall finish
  • Installed as studs are being erected, and is attached to studs with screws
  • Provides a solid base for attaching cabinets (or other things) to walls
34
Q

Considerations in matching veneers and veneer panels in a room

A
  • Matching between adjacent veneer leaves
  • Matching veneers within a panel
  • Matching panels within a room
35
Q

Methods of matching veneer leaves

A
  • Book matching
  • Slip matching
  • Random matching
36
Q

Book matching veneers for between two veneer leaves within a panel

A
  • As veneers are sliced, every other pieces is turned over so adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern
37
Q

Slip matching veneers for between two veneer leaves within a panel

A
  • Consecutive pieces of veneer are placed side by side with same face sides being exposed
38
Q

Random matching veneers for between two veneer leaves within a panel

A
  • Veneers are placed in no particular sequence, and may even come from different flitches
39
Q

Running match for matching veneers between two panels

A
  • alternates bookmatched veneer pieces regardless of their width of how many must be used to complete a panel
  • Any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting piece for the next
40
Q

Balance match for matching veneers between two panels

A
  • Veneer pieces are trimmed to equal widths

- There may be an odd or even number of veneer pieces in each panel

41
Q

Center match for matching veneers between two panels

A
  • Even number of veneer leaves of uniform width are symmetrical about the joint between the two panels
42
Q

Warehouse matching for paneling within a room

A
  • Premanufactured panels are assembled from a single flitch and field cut around doors, windows, and other obstructions
  • Some loss of grain continuity
43
Q

Sequence matching for paneling within a room

A
  • Panels of uniform width are manufactured for a specific job and with the veneers arranged in sequence
  • If some panels must be trimmed around obstructions, there may be a moderate loss of grain continuity
44
Q

Blueprint matching for paneling within a room

A
  • Panels are manufactured precisely to fit room and line up with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted
  • Veneers from same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items that are covered with veneer
  • Most expensive
45
Q

Stile and rail paneling

- Define

A
  • Frames of wood that contain individual panels, like traditional wood paneled rooms
46
Q

Stiles

A
  • Vertical frame pieces in traditional wood paneling
47
Q

Rails

A
  • Horizontal frame pieces in traditional wood paneling
48
Q

Stile and rail paneling

- How are panels joined and held in place

A
  • Panels held in place with grooves in sides of frames, or with individual molding pieces (set loosely to allow for expansion/contraction
  • Panels are joined with dowels or splines to keep edges flush
49
Q

Hanging paneling on wall

A
  • Wood cleats or metal Z-clips for flush panels

- Screw to wood grounds behind paneling, concealing fasteners with molding

50
Q

High pressure decorative laminate (HPDL)

A
  • thin sheet material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin
  • Layers fuse together in hot press under high pressure
  • Used for countertops, wall paneling, cabinets, shelving, and furniture
51
Q

High pressure decorative laminate (HPDL)

-

A
  • Must be adhered to panel substrates such as plywood or particleboard (smaller pieces may be adhered to lumber)
52
Q

High pressure decorative laminate (HPDL) thicknesses

A
  • Most common is .050 inches thick, and is used for vertical and horizontal applications
  • .040 inch thick may be heated and bent to a smaller radius
53
Q

Colorthrough laminates

A
  • Manufactured with decorative papers throughout the thickness so that the resulting sheet is a solid color
  • Eliminates dark lines visible at edges when trimmed
54
Q

Fire-rated laminates

A
  • Comply with Class 1 or A ratings as long as appropriate substrates and adhesives are selected
55
Q

Chemical-resistant laminates

A
  • Special formulation of the laminate materials give those products additional resistance to strong chemicals found in labs, medical facilities, etc.
56
Q

Static dissipative laminates

A
  • Provide a conducitve layer in the sheet that, when connected to a suitable grounding, help prevent building of static charges and continuously channel them away
  • For areas where static control is required, such as ORs, electronic manufacturing plants, computer rooms
57
Q

Metal-faced laminates

A
  • Some metal finishes are available, though they don’t have the same wear resistance as real metal, so should only be used on vertical surfaces with little abuse
  • Can be fabricated with standard woodworking equipment, and cost less than real metal
  • Difficult to fabricate small detailed items
58
Q

Natural wood laminates

A
  • Thin veneers of real wood are bonded to standard type of laminate kraft papers and resins
  • Can be specified to provude untreated wood ready for finishing or with a protective layer of melamine resin
59
Q

Thermoset decorative paneling

A
  • Made from pressing a decorative overlay from a thermoset polyester or melamine resin-impregnated saturated sheet onto a cellulosic substrate such as particleboard or MDF
  • Decorative surface is fused to the substrate rather than being adhesive-bonded
  • Lower pressure than HPDLs
  • No delamination, but limited colors/textures/grades, cannot be post formed for curves, not good for high wear horizontal surfaces
60
Q

Standing trim

A
  • Woodwork of a fixed length, intended to be installed as a single piece
  • Ex: door frame trim, door stops, window casings, etc.
61
Q

Running trim

A
  • Woodwork of a continuing length that must be installed in several pieces, end to end
  • Ex: Base molding, cornices, chair rails, soffits
62
Q

Solid surfacing

A
  • Homogeneous polymer-based surfacing materials frequently used for coutertops, sinks, toilet partitions, and other areas where HPDLs are commonly used
  • Can be formed into flat sheet or shapes, and available in wide variety of colors/patterns
  • Color is integral throughout
  • Often used as a lower-cost, lighter-weight substitute for stone tops
  • Easily fabricated and installed with normal woodworking tools
  • Where two pieces must be butted together, a two-part epoxy or liquid form of the materials is used for a seamless appearance
63
Q

Moisture content and shrinkage guidelines

A
  • Less of a problem because of controlled manufacturing conditions
  • optimum moisture content for interior applications is from 5% to 10% (or 8% to 13% in humid areas, or 4% to 9% in dry southwest)
  • Relative humidity necessary to maintain optimum moisture content is 25% to 55%
64
Q

Code requirements for woodwork

A
  • Regulated as a wall or ceiling finish (wainscoting, paneling, acoustical treatment, surface insulation), but not in furniture, cabinets, or trim (railing, baseboards, door/window frames, materials less than 1/28 inch thick cemented to surface
  • Different wood species have different flame spread ratings, but most are considered Class C material unless treated with fire retardant (which darkens wood and makes it difficult to finish)
65
Q

Wood finishes

A
  • Used to protect from moisture, chemicals, contact, and to enhance appearance
  • Proper sanding and desired filling should be done prior to finishing
  • Bleaching can lighten wood or provide uniformity of color
  • Mechanical or physical distressing may give antique or aged appearance
  • Shading or toning can change color of wood and subsequent finishing
66
Q

Opaque wood finishes

A
  • Lacquer, varnish, polyurethane, polyester
  • Should only be used on closed-grain woods where solid stock is used and on medium-density fiberboard where sheet materials are used
67
Q

Wood finishes

- Lacquer (opaque)

A
  • coating material with high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in volatile solvent
  • Catalyzed lacquers contain extra ingredient to speed drying time and provide additional hardness
68
Q

Wood finishes

- Varnish (opaque)

A
  • Various types of resinous materials dissolved in one of several types of volatile liquids
  • Becomes opaque if high solids content is specified
69
Q

Wood finishes

- Polyurethane (opaque)

A
  • Synthetic finish that gives a very hard, durable finish
  • Difficult to repair or refinish
  • Superior resistance to water, to many chemicals, and to abrasion
  • Opaques available in sheens from dull satin to full gloss
70
Q

Wood finishes

- Polyesters (opaque)

A
  • Hardest, most durable finish possible (as much as 80% of the hardness of glass)
  • Can be colored but only available in full-gloss sheen
  • Very difficult to repair and refinish
71
Q

Wood finishes

- Transparent wood finishes

A
  • Lacquers
  • Varnishes
  • Vinyl
  • Penetrating oils
  • Polyurethane
  • Polyesters
72
Q

Wood finishes

- Lacquer (transparent)

A
  • Easy to apply, easy to repair, low cost
  • Not as wear resistant as other finishes (catalyzed lacquers more durable)
  • Water-reducible acrylic lacquer available if local regulations prohibit use of other types of lacquers
73
Q

Wood finishes

- Varnish (transparent)

A
  • Similar to lacquer, but can often be applied with fewer coats
74
Q

Wood finishes

- Vinyl (transparent)

A
  • Yields surface that hos most chemical resistance of standard finishes of lacquer, varnish, and vinyl
  • High resistance o scratching, abrasion, mechanical damage
75
Q

Wood finishes

- Penetrating oils (transparent)

A
  • traditional wood finish
  • Easily applied, give rich look
  • Require re-oiling periodically
  • Tend to darken with age
  • Similar look can be achieved with catalyzed vinyl
76
Q

Wood finishes

- Polyurethane and polyester (transparent)

A
  • Most durable finish
  • Most expensive finish
  • Require skilled applicators
77
Q

Wood finishes

- Stains

A
  • Used to modify color of wood
  • Water-based or solvent-based
  • Penetrating finish, not easily removed
78
Q

Wood finishes

- Water-based stain

A
  • Yield a uniform color but raise the grain
79
Q

Wood finishes

- Solvent-based stain

A
  • Dry quickly and do not raise the grain, but less uniformity

DD (5 decks)

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