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Kines 35 > Practice Exam 2 > Flashcards

Practice Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An osteocyte is a _______

A

bone cell surrounded by matrix

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2
Q

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of _______

A

red and white blood cells and platelets.

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3
Q

The cells responsible for removing excess bone tissue after the fracture repair process are _______

A

osteoclasts.

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4
Q

__________ is the process of blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis

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5
Q

Which of the following bones is NOT included within the lower limb

A

ulna

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

vertebral column

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7
Q

Which of the following is included in the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula

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8
Q

Cervical vertebrae can be distinguished from other types by the presence of

A

transverse foramina.

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9
Q

Which of the following bones has an acromion process?

A

scapula

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10
Q

True or False

The tarsal bones form the wrist.

A

False

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11
Q

True or False

Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces within a joint

A

True

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12
Q

Articular cartilage is _______

A

hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that _______

A

the bone is lengthening.

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14
Q

True or False

Most people have 24 ribs.

A

True

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15
Q

The xiphoid process is part of the _________________

A

sternum

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16
Q

What is the band of cartilage found in the epiphyses of long bones

A

epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

What type of cell breaks down the calcified extracellular matrix in developing bones?

A

osteoclasts

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18
Q

Which bones, or set of bones, support the body’s weight?

A

the bones of the lower limbs and of the pelvis

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19
Q

What bone articulates with the humerus and carpal bones?

A

ulna

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20
Q

Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?
skull
pelvis
sacrum
hyoid bone

A

pelvis

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21
Q

The thoracic cage includes which of the following?

A

twelve pairs of ribs
sternum

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22
Q

Which of the following is not a bone found on a lower limb?

A

metacarpal

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23
Q

What type of joint is immovable?

A

sutures

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24
Q

The part of a vertebral bone that supports the human body’s weight is the ______.

A

body

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25
Q

This type of vertebral bone articulates with a rib.

A

thoracic vertebrae

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26
Q

There are ______ cervical vertebrae.

A

7

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27
Q

There are ______ thoracic vertebrae.

A

12

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28
Q

There are ______ lumbar vertebrae.

A

5

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29
Q

The anatomical name for the collarbone is the ___________.

A

clavicle

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30
Q

True or False

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit.

A

True

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31
Q

True or false
In the initiation of muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin for cross-bridge formation.

A

False

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32
Q

The enzyme ATPase occurs in the globular portion of myosin molecules.

A

True

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33
Q

True Or False

Acetylcholine released by a motor neuron crosses the synaptic cleft and reaches the motor end plate by diffusion.

A

True

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34
Q

True Or False

ATP is necessary for muscle relaxation.

A

True

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35
Q

True Or False

The minimal strength of stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction is called the threshold stimulus.

A

True

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36
Q

Myofibrils are composed primarily of

A

actin and myosin.

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37
Q

A motor unit typically includes how many motor neurons. and muscle fibers

A

one motor neuron and several muscle fibers

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38
Q

The electrical impulse that triggers a contraction travels deep into a skeletal muscle fiber by means of

A

transverse tubules

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39
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles within

A

motor neuron endings

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40
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP

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41
Q

Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of

A

myosin

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42
Q

The threshold stimulus is the

A

minimum strength of stimulus required to cause muscle fiber contraction to occur

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43
Q

The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called

A

recruitment

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44
Q

Activities such as distance swimming and distance running are most likely to stimulate development of

A

slow fatigue-resistant muscle fibers

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45
Q

Functions of muscle include

A

the heartbeat
muscle tone
production of heat
moving body parts

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46
Q

The moveable end of a muscle is attached at its

A

insertion

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47
Q

The muscle primarily responsible for opposing a particular action is called the

A

antagonist

48
Q

The enlargement of muscle fibers as a result of exercise is called _______________

A

hypertrophy

49
Q

Muscles that assist a prime mover are called _______________

A

synergists

50
Q

The less movable end of a skeletal muscle attachment is called the

A

origin

51
Q

A mass of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to a bone is called a

A

tendon

52
Q

True or False

The muscle most responsible for a particular movement is called the prime mover or antagonist

A

False

53
Q

Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers are called

A

fascicles

54
Q

A skeletal muscle cell is also called a skeletal muscle _____________

A

fiber

55
Q

In skeletal muscle, the thick filaments are mainly composed of ___________

A

myosin

56
Q

Bundles of actin and myosin filaments form structures called _______

A

myofibrils

57
Q

Skeletal muscle cells appear striated because of these parallel bundles

A

myofibrils

58
Q

A myofibril may be thought of as many of these joined end-to-end

A

sarcomeres

59
Q

The thin filament of skeletal muscle cells is composed mostly of

A

actin

60
Q

This structure of a skeletal muscle cell extends from Z line to Z line

A

saracomere

61
Q

These are defined as a set of membranous channels that extend inward from the plasma membrane of the muscle cell and pass all the way through the cell.

A

transverse tubules

62
Q

The functional connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a

A

neuromuscular junction

63
Q

The gap that separates a muscle cell membrane from the neuron cell membrane in a neuromuscular junction is called the

A

synaptic cleft

64
Q

Neurons communicate with muscle cells by releasing chemicals called ____________

A

neurotransmitters

65
Q

How would you describe the region known as the motor end plate?

A

It is highly folded.
Nuclei and mitochondria are abundant.
It is part of the muscle fiber

It does NOT contains synaptic vesicles

66
Q

True or False

Troponin, tropomyosin, and actin are all parts of the thin filament

A

True

67
Q

The neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle contraction is ___________

A

acetylcholine

68
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors in the muscle fiber membrane, the membrane becomes more permeable to

A

sodium

69
Q

When an increased concentration of calcium ion is in the sarcoplasm,

A

actin binding sites are exposed

70
Q

In skeletal muscle cells, this abundant molecule may be used to transfer energy to ADP to form ATP

A

creatine phosphate

71
Q

A single contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus is a

A

twitch

72
Q

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly so that it cannot completely relax between contractions, _________ occurs

A

summation

73
Q

True or False

If frequency of stimulation is increased, the force of contraction will increase

A

True

74
Q

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates is called a

A

motor unit

75
Q

True or False

Recruitment refers to increasing the number of motor units involved in a muscle contraction

A

True

76
Q

True or False

Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from peripheral receptors into the brain or spinal cord

A

False

77
Q

True or False

Nodes of Ranvier connect adjacent neurons

A

False

78
Q

True or False

A synapse is the functional connection between two neurons

A

True

79
Q

True or False

A nerve is a single neuron

A

False

80
Q

True or False

An action potential is an all-or-none response

A

True

81
Q

True or False

A neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitter

A

True

82
Q

True or False

Afferent neurons bring sensory information into the central nervous system

A

True

83
Q

True or False

Efferent neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors

A

True

84
Q

True or False

Most nerves of the body are mixed nerves

A

True

85
Q

True or False

Sensory nerves carry information to effectors

A

False

86
Q

True or False

The butterfly shape seen in a cross section of the spinal cord is composed of white matter

A

False

87
Q

The simplest nerve pathway in the body is called a(n)

A

reflex arc

88
Q

The first component of a reflex arc is a

A

receptor

89
Q

The cellular processes of neurons that provide receptive surfaces for input from other neurons are

A

dendrites

90
Q

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

A

white

91
Q

Which describes the ion concentrations inside and outside of a neuron?

A

The sodium ion concentration is higher on the outside of the cell and potassium ion concentration is higher on the inside of the cell

92
Q

During an action potential, depolarization occurs as a result of

A

sodium ions diffusing to the inside of the cell membrane

93
Q

Which of the following lists parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

A

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron. motor neuron, effector

94
Q

These convert environmental information into impulses that are conducted to the central nervous system.

A

sensory receptors

95
Q

The two major types of cells found in nervous tissue are

A

neurons and neuroglia

96
Q

These neuroglia produce the myelin sheath on neurons of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

97
Q

A branch-like sensory process of a neuron that provides the main receptive surface for communication is called a

A

dendrite

98
Q

This neuron process originates as a single structure but may give off many branches

A

axon

99
Q

Unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies form

A

gray matter

100
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called

A

nodes of Ranvier

101
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord are functionally classified as

A

sensory neurons

102
Q

Neurons entirely contained within the brain or spinal cord are functionally classified as

A

interneurons

103
Q

In a resting neuron, the difference in charges between the outside and inside of the membrane is called a/an

A

resting potential

104
Q

When a neuron’s membrane becomes more permeable to sodium, the neuron

A

depolarizes

105
Q

When the measured potential of a membrane reaches threshold

A

sodium rapidly enters the cell

106
Q

A neuron’s “trigger zone” is the

A

axon hillock

107
Q

Impulse conduction is ________ in myelinated nerve fibers

A

Faster

108
Q

Faster impulse conduction speeds are possible with _______ axons

A

thick diameter

109
Q

Bundles of axons that carry impulses into the brain or spinal cord are

A

sensory nerves

110
Q

Bundles of axons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors are

A

motor nerves

111
Q

Which list gives the following five parts of a reflex arc in order? (1) central nervous system, (2) effector, (3) motor neuron, (4) receptor, (5) sensory neuron

A

4, 5, 1, 3, 2

112
Q

Effectors that are capable of bringing about change in the internal environment include muscles and __________

A

glands

113
Q

The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and give support to neurons are called _____________

A

neuroglia

114
Q

Sheaths of myelin produced by ____________ cells often enclose the axons outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

Schwann

115
Q

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a resting nerve cell membrane is called the resting membrane ______________

A

potential

116
Q

A nerve impulse consists of a wave of __________ potentials moving along the axon of a neuron

A

action

Kines 35 (3 decks)

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