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Kines 35 > Practice Exam 1 > Flashcards

Practice Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be ___ to his nose.

A

inferior

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?

A

cell

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4
Q

What is the term for the combination of chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?

A

Axial portion

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6
Q

What body cavity would contain the heart, esophagus, and trachea?

A

Mediastinum

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7
Q

What organ system would include the heart and blood vessels?

A

Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?

A

Nervous

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9
Q

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

A

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.

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10
Q

The variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism.

A

Amount of energy you have
Amount of oxygen in the body
Amount of chocolate you eat
Amount of pressure that moves fluids in the body
Amount of sunlight you get
Amount of alcohol you drink
Amount of heat in the body
Amount of coffee you drink
Amount of water in the body

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11
Q

The study of the structure of body parts is called ______ and the study of the function of those body parts is called _______.

A

anatomy
physiology

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12
Q

The subjects of anatomy and physiology are closely related to each other. Examples of this relationship include what

A

A human hand is jointed, which makes it easy to grasp objects
The chambers of the heart are flexible allowing them to pump blood
The bones of the body are hollow, which allows them to support body weight

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13
Q

Name the requirement for life for the following
1.Water
2.Food
3.Oxygen
4.Heat
5.Pressure

A

1.Water: The most abundant chemical in the body; transports heat and helps regulates body temperature.
2.Food: Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals, used for energy or building.
3.Oxygen: A gas molecule that is used to release energy from food.
4.Heat: A form of energy released during metabolism.
5.Pressure: An application of force that helps move things in the body.

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14
Q

True or False
The body responds or will compensate for changes in order to help maintain a stable internal environment. Inability to do so could be fatal.

A

True

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15
Q

When maintaining a stable internal environment, if blood pressure increased from 120 mmHg to 130 mmHg, the homeostatic response would _______ blood pressure.

A

Decrease

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16
Q

If the heart rate decreased from 75 beats per minute to 40 beats per minute, the homeostatic response would _____ the heart rate.

A

increase

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17
Q

If oxygen levels in the blood decreased from 95 mmHg to 75 mmHg, the homeostatic response would ________ breathing.

A

increase

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18
Q

If your body temperature increased from 98.6°F to 105°F, the homeostatic response would try to ________ temperature.

A

decrease

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19
Q

In each of these cases, when a stimulus caused a change in one direction, the homeostatic response caused a change in the ___1___ direction to help maintain a stable internal environment. This homeostatic regulation is called ___2____ feedback

A
  1. opposite
  2. negative
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20
Q

Control Center(set point), Response Stimulus, Effectors(muscles or glands), receptors
1
^ ||v
5 2
^| |v
4<—(3????)

A

1.Control Center
2.Effectors
3.response
4.Stimulus
5.Receptors

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21
Q

True or false
The PH scale ranges from 0-14

A

True

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22
Q

True or False
Water accounts for 2/3 of the weight of an adult human

A

True

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23
Q

______ are lipids used primarily to store energy for cellular activities

A

Fats

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24
Q

All of the food that we eat, liquids that we drink and medications that we take are

A

Chemicals

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25
Q

Understanding ______________ is essential for understanding anatomy and physiology because body structures and functions result from chemical changes

A

Chemistry

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26
Q

Which elements make up 95% (by weight) of the human body?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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27
Q

Normal blood pH range is _______________

A

7.35-7.45

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28
Q

True or False
The basic framework of a cell membrane is a triple layer of lipid molecules

A

False

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29
Q

True or False
A lysosome is an example of a cellular organelle

A

True

30
Q

True or False
Mitochondria manufacture proteins

A

False

31
Q

True or False
In osmosis, water diffuses down its concentration gradient

A

True

32
Q

Vesicles are formed mainly by folding of the

A

cell membrane

33
Q

Two functions of the cell membrane are

A

enabling the cell to communicate with and attach to other cells

34
Q

What is not a component of the cell membrane?

A

glycogen

35
Q

Membrane proteins are classified by their

A

position

36
Q

A type of cell that has a flagellum is a(n)

A

Sperm

37
Q

A cell membrane is composed mostly of

A

Proteins and lipids

38
Q

Attached to the surfaces of rough endoplasmic reticulum are

A

ribosomes

39
Q

Which of the following cellular transport processes requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy

A

active transport

40
Q

Which of the following processes uses specific carrier molecules?

A

active transport

41
Q

What Releases energy from glucose molecules?

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

The process that moves sodium ions from an area of relatively low concentration inside a cell to an area of higher concentration outside the cell is called

A

active transport

43
Q

True or False
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is by diffusion

A

True

44
Q

True or False
The movement of glucose through a cell membrane is by facilitated diffusion

A

True

45
Q

Chemical reactions in which large molecules are built from small molecules are classified as ___1___ reactions. In contrast, ___2___ reactions involve breaking large molecules down into smaller ones.

A
  1. anabolic
  2. catabolic
46
Q

Reactions in which smaller molecules are used to assemble larger molecules are called ___1____ reactions. An example is a ____2_____ reaction.

A
  1. anabolic
  2. dehydration synthesis
47
Q

Reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller components are called ___1___ reactions. An example is a ___2___ reaction

A
  1. catabolic
  2. hydrolysis
48
Q

Energy is ____1____ for anabolic reactions, while energy is ____2____ during catabolic reactions

A
  1. required
  2. released
49
Q

The definition of _______ is the ability or capacity to do work

A

energy

50
Q

During metabolic reactions, as chemical bonds are broken, energy is ___1___. As chemical bonds are formed, energy is ___2_____ within the new bonds.

A
  1. released
  2. captured
51
Q

Nutrients that we consume have ____1____ energy stored within their chemical ____2____. These nutrient molecules are our main source of energy for metabolism.

A
  1. chemical
  2. bonds
52
Q

ATP molecules provide energy for cellular activities by

A

releasing the terminal phosphate group and the energy associated with the bond.

53
Q

Describe the Oxidation of glucose.

A

the process of “burning” glucose

54
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Occurs in mitochondria; products are 2 CO2 and 1 ATP per substrate molecule

55
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Occurs in mitochondria: products are water and 32-34 ATP

56
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in cytoplasm; net products are 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules

57
Q

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of ____________________.

A

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

58
Q

What does the term cellular respiration refer to?

A

Chemical reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules

59
Q

Water balance and electrolyte balance are ______1_______ . If concentration of water decreases, the concentrations of electrolytes will _____2______

A
  1. dependent upon each other
  2. increase
60
Q

Identify whether each item is a source of water intake or water output
Urine, Moist Foods, Sweat, Respiration, Beverages, Metabolism, Feces

A

Water Intake: Metabolism, Moist foods, Beverages

Water Output: Sweat, Feces, Respiration, Urine

61
Q

Which of the following provides the largest percentage of daily water intake?

A

beverages

62
Q

Where is the thirst center located?

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

What will stimulate the thirst center to increase water intake?

A

Osmoreceptors in the brain senses an increase in blood osmolarity.

64
Q

What is the primary route of water loss from the body?

A

urine output

65
Q

True or False
Drugs called diuretics cause the body to retain water and reduce urine output.

A

False

66
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Molecules that release ions in water

67
Q

Classify each item as a source of electrolytes or a means of loss of electrolytes.

Feces, Perspiration, Urine, Fluids, Foods

A

Gain Electrolytes: Foods, Fluids

Lose Electrolytes: Urine, Feces, Perspiration

68
Q

Electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions are called ___1____
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions are called ___2____

A
  1. bases
  2. acids
69
Q

What pH number indicates an acidic solution?

A

less than 7.0

70
Q

Indicate which situation illustrated on the pH scale is alkalosis and which is acidosis.
Alkalosis Acidosis

             \_\_\_1\_\_\_\_ <-----PH Drops PH Scale -------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------
                                          7.4
                                       PH Rises------->\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Acidosis
  2. Alkalosis
71
Q

Which fluid compartment accounts for more than 60% by volume of total body water in adults?

A

Intracellular fluid

72
Q

Name the requirement for life for the following
1. Water
2. Food
3. Oxygen
4. Heat
5. Pressure

A

1.Water: The most abundant chemical in the body; transports heat and helps regulates body temperature.
2.Food: Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals, used for energy or building.
3.Oxygen: A gas molecule that is used to release energy from food.
4.Heat: A form of energy released during metabolism.
5.Pressure: An application of force that helps move things in the body.

Kines 35 (3 decks)

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