Practice

Question 1

What hormones come from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 1

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Question 2

How does growth hormone affect the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins ?

Answer 2

GH stimulates amino acids uptake by cells, which provides amino acids for protein synthesis this is the growth process. It also increases catabolism for energy and decreases the use of glucose by most cells. GH causes the liver to release glucose into the blood which provides glucose for neurons

Question 3

What are the functions of prolactin PRL?

Answer 3

In females causes development of the mammary glands and maintains milk production for childbirth

Question 4

How is TSH regulated

Answer 4

secretion of TSH is regulated by two methods. TSH is increased by the release of thyroid releasing hormone TRH from the hypothalamus. It is also regulated by a negative feedback mechanism that inhibits TSH when TH reaches a certain level

Question 5

what is the function of ACH?

Answer 5

The adrenocorticotrophic hormone controls the release and synthesis of cortisol, adrenal androgens, and other related hormones from the adrenal cortex

Question 6

what is a gonadotropic?

Answer 6

A gonadotrophic affects the gonads (ovaries or testicles) The two secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are FSH and LH

Question 7

What is the function of LH?

Answer 7

Luteinizing hormone secrets sex hormones to the gonads of females and males. Essential for the release of the oocytes in the ovaries for females (ovulation)

Question 8

What is the function of FS?

Answer 8

Stimulates the sex hormone for females and contributes to the development of gametes (sperm and oocytes) for males and females

Question 9

Why does alcohol use cause dehydration?

Answer 9

ethyl alcohol inhibits the antidiuretic hormone, which is responsible for stopping urination when the body is low on fluids. Frequent urination while drinking alcohol will lead to dehydration if fluid intake is not replenished

Question 10

What is the normal output of urine and what is the output of urine from diabetes insipidus?

Answer 10

normal output of urine is 2 liters a day

diabetes insipidus may produce more than 15 liters of very dilute urine

Question 11

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 11

One cause is the ADH V2 receptors in the kidneys are defective and unable to retain water. Hormones can bind but the receptor can not trigger cAMP formation.
Tumors and injuries affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary glands can also cause this

Question 12

Why might oxytocin be given to a mother after childbirth?

Answer 12

may be given to ensure the smooth muscles contract enough to squeeze broken blood vessels closed to minimize bleeding

Question 13

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 13

antidiuretic hormone acts on the kidneys to promote water retention by decreasing the volume of urine for homostasis
It stimulates the smooth muscles of blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise making it a vasopressin

Question 14

How is ADH regulated?

Answer 14

Antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. When osmotic sensors sense body fluid is low, they send signals to the hypothalamus to produce ADH so that the kidneys will not secrete urine.

When the blood vessel walls are stretched the blood volume receptors will send signals to the hypothalamus to inhibit ADH so that the vessels will constrict causing blood pressure to rise ( helps when hemorrhaging)

Question 15

What effects for oxytocin have for females?

Answer 15

Has a weak antidiuretic effect. It causes uterine smooth muscle contraction in childbirth and causes contracting of myoepithelial cells in the breast for milk ejection during nursing. Sensory receptors in the nipples during nursing, hearing a baby cry, or seeing nursing can trigger oxytocin in mammary glands. Also plays a role in bonding for mother and infant after childbirth and sexual partners.

Question 16

Cause of infantile hypothyroidism and absence of treatment may cause

Answer 16

result from insufficient thyroid hormone

stunted growth, abnormal bone development, slowed mental development, low body temperature, and sluggishness

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of Graves disease?

Answer 17

weight loss (burning calories increased), heat intolerance (feel extremely hot or sweaty), tachcardia (sympathetic system in overdrive), hypertension (sympathetic system in overdrive, diarrhea ( GI system is working harder and faster), irratable, smooth skin/hair (increase blood flow)

Unique: opthalmopathy: protruding eye balls
Goiter: overstimulation of the thyroid gland which causes it to swell
Pretibial Myxedema: red swelling on the skin, lower legs, and feet that has an orange peel texture, can advance to face, chest, arms

Question 18

what gland produces calcitonin?

Answer 18

Produced in the thyroid, not considered a thyroid hormone because it is synthesized by an extrafollicular cell distinct from the gland’s follicles.
plays a role in the regulation of blood calcium and phosphate concentrations

certain hormones such as gastrin released by special cells in the stomach release calcitonin after eating

Question 19

function of calcitonin?

Answer 19

it helps lower calcium and phosphate concentrations by inhibiting the bone reabsorption activities of osteoclasts which decrease the rate these ions leave the bones and enter extracellular fluids.

stimulates osteoblasts which increases the absorbtion of calcium and phosphate into the bone matrix

increases the exertion of calcium and phosphate by the kidneys

Question 20

stages when calcitonin is most important?

Answer 20

early childhood because of growth and during pregnancy to prevent bone loss

Question 21

T3 and T4

Answer 21

Produce by the thyroid and source of control is the TSH of the anterior pituitary gland.

increase the rate of energy release from carbohydrates, rate of protein synthesis, accelerate growth, necessary for normal neuron maturation

T3 is more potent

Question 22

Regarding blood calcium homeostasis, how does the negative feedback mechanism of the thyroid gland differ from that of the parathyroid?

Answer 22

A high level of calcium in the blood stimulates calcitonin and inhibits PTH. Low levels of the calcium in the blood will inhibit TH and increase PTH

Question 23

How does PTH help regulate calcium and phosphate ions?

Answer 23

PTH increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bones matrix which releases calcium and phosphate into the blood. It also inhibits osteoblast from depositing bone matrix. PTP causes the kidneys to absorb calcium and excrete phosphate out with urine.
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D which increases calcium from the small intestine

Question 24

What are the general effects of the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 24

fight or flight response. epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate, force of contraction of the heart, and blood pressure, increase metabolic rate, and dilate airways. Cause vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.

Question 25

What usually stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 25

Nerve impulses from the sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers hormone released from the adrenal medulla. The nerve impulses are transmitted from the hypothalamus when a person is in stress.

Question 26

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 26

over 30 different steroids, including hormones (corticosteroids). Most important are aldosterone, cortisol, and certain sex hormones

Question 27

Function of Aldosterone

Answer 27

regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes, cause kidney to conserve sodium ioons and excrete potassium ions. Controled by the renin angiotension system, increase in potassium strongly stimmullates aldosterone whereas a decrease in plasma sodium only slighty stimulates them.

Question 28

What are ACE inhibitors?

Answer 28

class of drug that is used to treat hypertension. They work by binding to the active site on angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking formation of angiotensin 2 and preventing inactivation of bradykinin, a vasodilator. Both effect dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure.

Question 29

What is the negative feedback mechanism that controls the regulation of cortisol release?

Answer 29

The hypothalamus secretes CRH (corticotropin- releasing hormone) to the anterior pituitary via portal vein.
Stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH into the blood
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
Cortisol inhibits release of both CRH and ACTH and as concentration of these fall cortisol production drops

Question 30

What is the feedback on the hypothalamus and adrenal glands if there is disease, such as a benign pituitary tumor, that results in low to no ACTH production?

Answer 30

With low to no ACTH secretion, the adrenal gland is not being stimulating (or very little), so there is little to no cortisol secretion. As a result, the hypothalamus would increase secretion of CRH.

Question 31

What is the function of Cortisol drugs?

Answer 31

reduce inflammation. work by decreasing permeability of capillaries, preventing leakage of fluids that swell surrounding tissues.
stabilizing lysosomal membranes, preventing release of their enzymes that would otherwise destroy tissue
inhibiting prostaglandin snthesis

Question 32

What is the action of Adrenal androgens produced by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

supplement sex hormones from the gonads may be converted into estrogen
controlled by the ACTH hormone from the anterior pituitary gland plus unknown factors

Question 33

what is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 33

is a mineralocorticoid, since it has a role in mineral or electrolyte balance. It stimulates the kidneys to excrete more potassium ions in the urine, and to retain sodium ions. The main factor that increases aldosterone secretion is high potassium levels in the body fluids. By retaining sodium ions, aldosterone also causes water retention by osmosis, this helps to increase blood volume and pressure