Practice Flashcards
What hormones come from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
How does growth hormone affect the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins ?
GH stimulates amino acids uptake by cells, which provides amino acids for protein synthesis this is the growth process. It also increases catabolism for energy and decreases the use of glucose by most cells. GH causes the liver to release glucose into the blood which provides glucose for neurons
What are the functions of prolactin PRL?
In females causes development of the mammary glands and maintains milk production for childbirth
How is TSH regulated
secretion of TSH is regulated by two methods. TSH is increased by the release of thyroid releasing hormone TRH from the hypothalamus. It is also regulated by a negative feedback mechanism that inhibits TSH when TH reaches a certain level
what is the function of ACH?
The adrenocorticotrophic hormone controls the release and synthesis of cortisol, adrenal androgens, and other related hormones from the adrenal cortex
what is a gonadotropic?
A gonadotrophic affects the gonads (ovaries or testicles) The two secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are FSH and LH
What is the function of LH?
Luteinizing hormone secrets sex hormones to the gonads of females and males. Essential for the release of the oocytes in the ovaries for females (ovulation)
What is the function of FS?
Stimulates the sex hormone for females and contributes to the development of gametes (sperm and oocytes) for males and females
Why does alcohol use cause dehydration?
ethyl alcohol inhibits the antidiuretic hormone, which is responsible for stopping urination when the body is low on fluids. Frequent urination while drinking alcohol will lead to dehydration if fluid intake is not replenished
What is the normal output of urine and what is the output of urine from diabetes insipidus?
normal output of urine is 2 liters a day
diabetes insipidus may produce more than 15 liters of very dilute urine
What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?
One cause is the ADH V2 receptors in the kidneys are defective and unable to retain water. Hormones can bind but the receptor can not trigger cAMP formation.
Tumors and injuries affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary glands can also cause this
Why might oxytocin be given to a mother after childbirth?
may be given to ensure the smooth muscles contract enough to squeeze broken blood vessels closed to minimize bleeding
What is the function of ADH?
antidiuretic hormone acts on the kidneys to promote water retention by decreasing the volume of urine for homostasis
It stimulates the smooth muscles of blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise making it a vasopressin
How is ADH regulated?
Antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. When osmotic sensors sense body fluid is low, they send signals to the hypothalamus to produce ADH so that the kidneys will not secrete urine.
When the blood vessel walls are stretched the blood volume receptors will send signals to the hypothalamus to inhibit ADH so that the vessels will constrict causing blood pressure to rise ( helps when hemorrhaging)
What effects for oxytocin have for females?
Has a weak antidiuretic effect. It causes uterine smooth muscle contraction in childbirth and causes contracting of myoepithelial cells in the breast for milk ejection during nursing. Sensory receptors in the nipples during nursing, hearing a baby cry, or seeing nursing can trigger oxytocin in mammary glands. Also plays a role in bonding for mother and infant after childbirth and sexual partners.
Cause of infantile hypothyroidism and absence of treatment may cause
result from insufficient thyroid hormone
stunted growth, abnormal bone development, slowed mental development, low body temperature, and sluggishness
Signs and symptoms of Graves disease?
weight loss (burning calories increased), heat intolerance (feel extremely hot or sweaty), tachcardia (sympathetic system in overdrive), hypertension (sympathetic system in overdrive, diarrhea ( GI system is working harder and faster), irratable, smooth skin/hair (increase blood flow)
Unique: opthalmopathy: protruding eye balls
Goiter: overstimulation of the thyroid gland which causes it to swell
Pretibial Myxedema: red swelling on the skin, lower legs, and feet that has an orange peel texture, can advance to face, chest, arms
what gland produces calcitonin?
Produced in the thyroid, not considered a thyroid hormone because it is synthesized by an extrafollicular cell distinct from the gland’s follicles.
plays a role in the regulation of blood calcium and phosphate concentrations
certain hormones such as gastrin released by special cells in the stomach release calcitonin after eating
function of calcitonin?
it helps lower calcium and phosphate concentrations by inhibiting the bone reabsorption activities of osteoclasts which decrease the rate these ions leave the bones and enter extracellular fluids.
stimulates osteoblasts which increases the absorbtion of calcium and phosphate into the bone matrix
increases the exertion of calcium and phosphate by the kidneys
stages when calcitonin is most important?
early childhood because of growth and during pregnancy to prevent bone loss
T3 and T4
Produce by the thyroid and source of control is the TSH of the anterior pituitary gland.
increase the rate of energy release from carbohydrates, rate of protein synthesis, accelerate growth, necessary for normal neuron maturation
T3 is more potent
Regarding blood calcium homeostasis, how does the negative feedback mechanism of the thyroid gland differ from that of the parathyroid?
A high level of calcium in the blood stimulates calcitonin and inhibits PTH. Low levels of the calcium in the blood will inhibit TH and increase PTH
How does PTH help regulate calcium and phosphate ions?
PTH increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bones matrix which releases calcium and phosphate into the blood. It also inhibits osteoblast from depositing bone matrix. PTP causes the kidneys to absorb calcium and excrete phosphate out with urine.
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D which increases calcium from the small intestine
What are the general effects of the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?
fight or flight response. epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate, force of contraction of the heart, and blood pressure, increase metabolic rate, and dilate airways. Cause vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.
