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M- Pathology > Practicals > Flashcards

Practicals Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty change

A

Accumulation of lipid droplets in cytoplasm

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2
Q

Karyolysis

A

Fading and loss of normal basophilic staining of DNA, nucleus disappears

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3
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Denaturing of proteins, making cytoplasm more eosinophilic

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4
Q

Key morphological features of apoptosis

A 
Cell shrinkage
Loss of surface contact with neighbours
Chromatin condensation 
Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
Phagocytoais
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5
Q

Characteristic leukocytes of chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

Megakaryocytes produce

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Characteristic of neutrophil

A

Poly lobated nucleus

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8
Q

Fibrinogen:
Made in…
Converted to…

A

Liver

Fibrin

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9
Q

Collagen formed by…

Present in…

A

Fibroblasts

Chronic inflammation/healing

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10
Q

Trichromatic stain

Used to stain…

A

Fibrin scarlet

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11
Q

How does a viral infection become a bacterial infection?

A

Destruction of (bronchial mucosal) epithelium

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12
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Prolonged inflammation

Tissue destruction, inflammation and healing simultaneously

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13
Q

Resolution

A

Inflammatory exudate cleared by macrophages

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14
Q

Organisation

A

Conversion of non-viable tissue to fibrous tissue

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15
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of damaged epithelium with new epithelium

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16
Q

Repair

A

Resolution and organisation

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17
Q

Healing

A

Regeneration and repair

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18
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Capillaries and fibroblasts forming fibrous tissue

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19
Q

Purulent exudate

A

Central pus

Neutrophils with few macrophages

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20
Q

Foreign body giant cells

A

Large multinucleated macrophages

Formed by the fusion of macrophages

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21
Q

Influences on gastric acid secretion

A

Stimulatory effect of histamine on H2 receptors on acid producing cells

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22
Q

Key initiating factor causing gastritis

A

Mucosal infection by Helicobacter

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23
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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24
Q

Birds : where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bursa of fabricius

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25
Q

How do lymphocytes enter lymph nodes?

A

Via high endothelial vessels

Sometimes by afferent lymph

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26
Q

High endothelial vessels

A

Lined by enlarged endothelial cells
Increased level of activation
Express cell adhesion molecules

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27
Q

Where are B lymphocytes in lymph nodes?

A

Aggregated around FDCs to form follicles in the cortex

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28
Q

If a B cell in follicle is activated …

A 
With T help
Enlarge and proliferate
Somatic hypermutation
Follicle is called germinal centre
Considerable mitotic activity, and apoptosis of nonselected B cells
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29
Q

Mantle

A

Small B lymphocytes surround germinal centre as a dark rim
Resting
Become plasma cells during Humoral response

30
Q

Where are T lymphocytes in the lymph node?

A

Some T helpers in follicles
Inter follicular areas/para cortex
Here APCs settle and become interdigitating cells

31
Q

CD3 immunostaining

A

T lymphocyte marker

Brown

32
Q

CD20 immunostaining

A

B cell marker

Brown

33
Q

Cd68 immunostaining

A

Macrophage/dendritic cell marker

Brown

34
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

Sinusoids lined by macrophages

Reticulo endothelial system

35
Q

Reticulo endothelial system

A

Phagocytosis of effete RBCs

36
Q

Sessile macrophage

A

Attached to lining of sinuses

37
Q

White pulp

A

Contains immune cells

  • T and B lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
38
Q

Structure of thymus

A

Cortex and medulla

Rich vascular supply

39
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A

Positive selection - on thymic epithelial/dendritic cells in cortex
Negative selection - on dendritic cells in medulla

40
Q

Positive selection

A 
Bind class 1 MHC retain CD8 expression
Bind class 2 MHC retain CD4 expression
41
Q

Negative selection

A

Dangerously high affinity for self peptides are deleted - signals from APC

42
Q

Complete precipitation of antibody antigen occurs…

A

At an optimum ratio of antibody and antigen

43
Q

Gel diffusion precipitation test

A

Agar
Line of precipitation where antigen and antibody meet in optimal proportions
Antigens common to both = lines which merge
Some common determinants = merge but show spurs
Different antigens = lines cross

44
Q

What happens when complement is added to a solution containing antibody-antigen complexes?

A

Complement cascade will be activated and complement will be used up

45
Q

Complement fixation test

A

Serum + antigen + complement

Add antibody coated RBCs as an indicator for residual conplement

46
Q

Complement fixation test - positive

A

Complement consumed

RBCs remain unlysed

47
Q

Complement fixation test - negative

A

Sufficient complement remains to lyse RBCs

48
Q

What affect does the amount if complement have on the sensitivity of the test?

A

The more complement, the less sensitive the test will be

49
Q

Anti-complementary activity

A

Complement is inactivated by substances other than antigen-antibody complexes

50
Q

Anti-A and Anti-B are natural antibodies because..

A

Exposed to A and B antigens on microorganisms

51
Q

Problem with rhesus antigens…

A

Non agglutinating

52
Q

Coombs test

A

Test for rhesus antigen with antibody

Interaction detected using anti globulin to bring about agglutination

53
Q

Immunodiffusion

A

Identical - smile
Non identical - X
Partially identical - Y shaped

54
Q

Complement fixation test

A

Antibody present - Ag/Ig complex consume complement

Complement not available to lyse red blood cells

55
Q

ABO blood group antigens -

A

Glycoproteins

56
Q

Rhesus antigens -

A

Transmembrane proeins

57
Q

Hypersensitivity type 1

  • Type
  • Mechanism
  • Eg
A

Anaphylactic
IgE on mast cells
Asthma, hay fever

58
Q

Hypersensitivity type 2

  • Type
  • Mechanism
  • Eg
A

Cytotoxic
IgG or IgM binds antigen on cell
Acute rheumatic fever

59
Q

Hypersensitivity type 3

  • Type
  • Mechanism
  • Eg
A

Immune complex
IgG, IgM, IgA bind free antigen
SLE

60
Q

Hypersensitivity type 4

  • Type
  • Mechanism
  • Eg
A

Delayed type
APCs and T cells recruit macrophages, form granulomas or kill directly
Tb, transplant rejection

61
Q

Polyp

A

Growth protruding from mucous lining of organ, often causing obstruction

62
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity - response at 2 separate sites:

A

Ghon focus - site of entry
Local lymph node
= primary complex

63
Q

How do primary complexes heal? (type 4 hypersensitivity)

A

Fibrosis, often followed by calcification

64
Q

Mycobacteria cell wall -

A

contains wax like mycolic acid

ZIEHL-NEELSEN STAIN

65
Q

Granuloma

A

Collection of macrophages

66
Q

What molecular mechanisms lead to fever?

A

Cytokines at site of inflammation (TNFa, IL1) at hypothalamus induce prostaglandin synthesis. Via neural mechanisms, vasoconstriction and shivering induced => heat

67
Q

Physiological functions of CRP

A

Acute phase protein released by liver in response to IL1 IL6 TNFa
Opsonin
Activates complement cascade

68
Q

What does cytokine production in chronic disease do?

A

Suppress bone marrow red blood cell production

69
Q

Normal CD4:CD8

A

2:1

70
Q

Th2 deficiency leads to…

A

Extracellular bacteria and parasites (helminths)

71
Q

Th1 deficiency leads to…

A

Intracellular bacteria and parasites

72
Q

Decrease in CD8 leads to…

A

Viral infections and intracellular parasite infections eg malaria

M- Pathology (7 decks)

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