Practical part 2 Flashcards
Phylum Porifera
(Sponges); no symmetry or true body tissue, can change shape/are porous
Osculum
Excretory structure in the living sponge
Spicules
Provide structural support and deter predators
Spongin
Forms the fibrous skeleton on most sponges; gives the sponge its flexibility
Choanocyte
Cells that line the interior of the sponge that wave their flagella to move water
Gemmule
internal buds involved in asexual reproduction
Phylum Cnidaria/Ctenophora
radial symmetry, two cell layers, nerve network, no organs, key characteristic is cnidocytes, explosive cells containing cnidae, secrectory organelles used for catching prey.. Cnidaria: sea jellies, hydrozoans, corals, sea anemones. Ctenophores: comb jellies
Radial Symmetry
symmetry around a central axis
Polyp
Cylindrical jelly that has an aboral end attached to a substrate
Medusa
The gelatinous umbrella shaped jelly with trailing tentacles. The stingy fuckers
Planula Larva
Free-swimming ciliated, bilaterally symmetric larval form of cnidarian species
Sessile
Fixed in one place; immobile
Pelagic
Open water that is not near the floor or shore; aka where you swim/fish
Zooxanthellae
Symbiotic algae that live within coral
Gastrovascular Cavity
An opening for which food is digested and exits
Tentacle
The tubelike manubrium hangs from the centre of the bell, connecting the mouth at the lower end of the manubrium to the coelenteron within the bell.
Nematocyst
A cell in the tentacle can shoot a venomous coiled thread for self defense/preying
Dibloblastic
a condition in which there are two primary germ layers, such as ectoderm and endoderm
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(flatworms, free living, parasitic); no body cavity, dead end gut, unsegmented, diffusion of oxygen/nutrients through body
Acoelomate
an invertebrate lacking a coelom, typically a flatworm
Triploblastic
Having three primary germ layers, such as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Parasite
Non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species
Definitive Host
An organism that supports the adult/sexually reproductive form of a parasite
Intermediate Host
An organism that supports the larval/developmental form of a parasite
Phylum Molluscs
a grouping of internal organs (visceral mass), a mantle to enclose the body, and a muscular foot
Class: Polyplacophora
(Chitons) 8 dorsal shell plates
Class: Gastropods
(snails, slugs, whelks, limpets); land, water, or sea, most have hard shell, aquatic have gills, land has lung with capillaries, muscular foot used for moving, digging, swimming
Class: Bivalves
(clams, oysters, mussels, scallops); most are filter feeders with special gills, filter water
through the gap in shell, trap plankton on mucous covered cilia, clamp shell for defense
Class: Cephalopods
(octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus); well developed brain with ability to learn, complex
eyes, predators, speed via jet propulsion with contraction of the mantle cavity
Coelom/Coelomate
A fluid-filled body cavity formed during embryonic development
Mantle
The dorsal body wall that covers the visceral mass and organs
Mantle Cavity
Cavity where anus, gills, respiratory and reproductive organs lie
Foot
used for jumping or digging
Shell
The lower and upper (valves); it’s a shell
Trocophore Larva
small, free swimming larva powered by cilia, maintain salt water balance
Open Circulatory System
heart pumps blood into cavities, organs covered in blood and tissue, no major veinsO
Phylum: Annelids
(earthworms, ragworms, leeches); true coelom, segmented bodies, water, land, and sea, closed circulatory system, well developed digestive system
Metamerism
having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure
Closed Circulatory System
system in which the heart pumps blood through closed vessels to organs
Parapodium
any of the paired unjointed lateral appendages of polychaete worms,used in locomotion
Setae: stiff bristles present on the body
Setae
stiff bristles present on the body
Phylum: Nematoda
(hookworms and roundworms); free living and parasitic, tubular digestive system, psuedocoelom, epidermis has tough cuticle, live anywhere
Cuticle
multi layered structure outside the epidermis, which forms an exoskeleton
Acoelomate
an invertebrate lacking a coelom
Hydrostatic Skeleton
skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.
Complete Digestive Tract
digestive tract with two openings, mouth/anus
Phylum: Arthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda: (insects, arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans); segmented bodies, jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton
Subphylum Chelicerata
Phylum: Arthropoda: (horseshoe crabs) Class: Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites); have 8 legs, two extra appendages for sensing, feeding and defense
Subphylum: Crustacea
Phylum: Arthropoda: (shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, copepods, krill); marine arthropods, copepods and krill form the foundation of the marine food chain
Jointed Appendages
external body part such as a limb
Exoskeleton
the external skeleton to surrounds and protects the organism’s body; shell
Chitin
The compound that makes up the exoskeleton
Molting
the process of shedding skin, feathers, horns and the formation of new ones
Phylum Ecdysis
the process of shredding the external skeleton for growth
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Phylum Ecdysis: Class: Insects (ants, crickets, fruit fly); has the most species >10,000,000; usually fly, only invertebrate with flight
Subphylum: Myriapods
Phylum Ecdysis: (centipedes/millipedes); all terrestrial, several dozen to hundreds of legs, a single pair of antennae, centipedes are carnivorous, millipedes are detritivores
Thorax
the area between the head and the abdomen
Antennae
paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods
Compound Eyes
multiple tiny eyes with their own lens, receptor cells, and nerves
Spiracles
an external respiratory opening, especially each of a number of pores on the body of an insect
Tracheae
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe
Metamorphosis
abrupt physical change after birth or hatching
Phylum: Echinoderms
(sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars); radially symmetrical, most can regenerate tissue, organs, and limbs.
Class: Asteroidea
Phylum: Echinoderms (sea stars)
Class: Ophiroidea
Phylum: Echinoderms (brittle stars)
Class: Echinoidea
Phylum: Echinoderms (sea urchins, sand dollars)
Class: Holothuroidea
Phylum: Echinoderms (sea cucumbers)
Class: Holothuroidea
Phylum: Echinoderms (sea lilies, feather stars)
Deuterostome
an animal whose mouth develops from a second opening in the early embryo, opposite to the initial opening blastopore of the rudimentary gut.
Dermal Endoskeleton
calcareous plates or spines
Water Vascular System
hydraulic system used for locomotion, food/waste transportation, respiration
Tube Feet
small tubular projections found on the oral face of a sea star’s arms; part of water vascular system
Oral Surface
oral – “of the mouth”
Aboral Surface
aboral – “away from the mouth”
Phylum: Chordata
(lancelets, sea squirt, vertebrates); notochord, dorsal hollow nevre cord, pharyngeal pouches, anal tail
Subphylum: Urochordata/Cephalorchordata
Phylum: Chordata (tunicates, sea squirts); no vertebral column
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Phylum: Chordata (jawless fish, sharks, rays, skates, bony fish); all vertebrates have a skeleton with vertebral column, skull, closed circulatory system and heart
Subphylum: Vertebrata. Class: Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fish, sharks, rays); ectothermic, two pairs of fins for locomotion and stability
Subphylum: Vertebrata. Class: Osteichthyes
(bony fish); make up the vast majority of fish, gas filled swim bladders to control buoyancy, body covered in oil scales to aid streamlining
Notochord
a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordates
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
a hollow nerve cord that is modified into the central nervous system
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates
Post
an extension of the spinal cord that extends past the anus
Cartilaginous Endoskeleton
cartilage endoskeleton that grows rather than bone
Bony Endoskeleton
bone endoskeleton rather than cartilage
Scales
a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal’s skin to provide protection
Superclass: Tetrapods
(amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals); 4 limbs
Class: Amphibians
Superclass: Tetrapods. (frogs, toads, salamanders); semi aquatic, all lay their eggs in the water, frogs are 90% of amphibians, distinct life stages (metamorphosis), gills as aquatic tadpole, lungs as adults
Class: Reptiles
Superclass: Tetrapods. (turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators); internal fertilization with amniotic eggs, waterproof skin, water conserving excretory system)
Reptile subclass: Aves
(Birds); warm blooded, two legged, winged, feathered vertebrates, four chambered heart, strong but light exoskeleton, toothless beak
Class: Mammalia
Superclass: Tetrapods. (rodents, primates, carnivore, ungulate, several others); endothermic with hair, mammary glands, neocortex, intelligent
Amniotic Egg
the type of egg produced by reptiles, birds, and egg laying mammals
Mammary Glands
an organ in female mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring
Enodthermy
the ability to control body temp through internal means such as shivering or increasing metabolism
