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Biology 102 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1MM rule

A

Diffusion is an effective means of transporting substances only when the distance is < 1 MM

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2
Q

A______ Functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

A

Gastrovascular cavity Note: some animals lack a circulatory system.

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3
Q

List 3 features of a circulatory system

A

circulatory fluid, set of interconnecting vessels, muscular pump(heart).

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4
Q

The circulatory system connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that exchange_______ , _______ and _______

A

gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes

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5
Q

What type of circulatory system is this? The heart pumps the hemolymph through the vessels into interconnected sinuses, spaces around organs.

A

open circulatory system. Note: Any cell is within 2 cell thicknesses of Hemolymph

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6
Q

What type of circulatory system is this? The circulatory fluid is called blood.

A

Closed circulatory system

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7
Q

What type of circulatory system is this? Has a one chambered heart, one artery to gill capillaries, one artery to body capillaries and one vein back to the heart.

A

Single circulation: fish

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8
Q

What type of circulatory system is this? Has a two chambered atrium heart with a single ventricle chamber. Pulmocutaneous circuit, systemic circuit

A

Double circulation: amphibian

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9
Q

What type of circulatory system is this? Has two atrium and ventricle chambers of the heart. pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit

A

Double circulation: Mammal

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10
Q

The __________ separate each atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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11
Q

The _________ control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

A

semilunar valves

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12
Q

Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a

A

heart murmur

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13
Q

The ________, or pacemaker, setsthe rate and timing at which cardiac musclecells contract

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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14
Q

Some cardiac muscle cells are _______, meaning they contract without any signal fromthe nervous system

A

autorhythmic

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15
Q

Impulses that travel during the cardiac cyclecan be recorded as an________.

A

electrocardiogram(ECG or EKG)

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16
Q

The pacemaker is regulated by two portions ofthe nervous system: the ______ and _______ divisions.

A

sympathetic(speeds up) and parasympathetic (slows it down)

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17
Q

A vessel’s cavity is called the_____.

A

central lumen

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18
Q

The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called the ______.

A

endothelium( smooth & minimizes resistance)

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19
Q

Thin walls =

A

more gas exchange

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20
Q

Capillaries are only slightly _____ than a red blood cell

A

wider

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21
Q

Systolic pressure

A

High pressure

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22
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

low pressure

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23
Q

The recoil of elastic arterial walls plays a role in maintaining _____.

A

blood pressure

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24
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Can be shut off to redirect the flow to the main circulatory system.

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25
Q

The _____ returns fluid that leaksout from the capillary beds

A

lymphatic system. Note:The lymphatic system drains into veins in the neck

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26
Q

Fluid lost by capillaries is called

A

lymph

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27
Q

Blood composition. Plasma=__%, Cellular elements=__%.

A

Plasma=55%, Cellular elements45%.

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28
Q

____ , ____ and _______ all develop from a common source of stem cells

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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29
Q

Stem cells are in the red marrow of ______ , ______ , _____ , ______ and ______

A

bones, especially ribs, vertebrae, sternum and pelvis

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30
Q

The hormone _______ stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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31
Q

_____ is the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

A

Coagulation

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32
Q

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel is called a _____ and can block blood flow

A

thrombus

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33
Q

A cascade of complex reactions converts inactive _______ to ________, forming a clot

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

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34
Q

______ is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

A

Partial pressure

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35
Q

Gills are _______ of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange

A

outfoldings

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36
Q

_________ moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

A

Ventilation

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37
Q

The ________ of insects consists of a network of branching tubes throughout the body

A

tracheal system

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38
Q

The ______ directs air to the lungs and food tothe stomach

A

pharynx

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39
Q

Swallowing moves the ______ upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the ______

A

larynx, trachea

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40
Q

Air passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, ____, and ______ to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

A

bronchi, bronchioles

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41
Q

This “______” cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

A

mucus escalator

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42
Q

The process that ventilates the lungs is ____, the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

A

breathing

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43
Q

______ pump air over the lungs at positive pressure

A

Amphibians

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44
Q

_____ use a bellows with both positive and negative parts

A

Birds

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45
Q

_____ use negative pressure in lungs

A

Mammals

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46
Q

_____, proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

A

Respiratory pigments

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47
Q

Arthropods and many molluscs have ______ with copper as the oxygen-binding component

A

hemocyanin

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48
Q

Most vertebrates and some invertebrates use ____

A

hemoglobin

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49
Q

In vertebrates, hemoglobin is contained within _____

A

erythrocytes

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50
Q

An organism’s ______ helps regulate the chemical composition of the body’s principal fluid.

A

excretory system

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51
Q

nitrogenous waste: Break down of proteins and nucleic acids produces ________

A

Ammonia (toxin)

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52
Q

Many aquatic organisms ____ ammonia, since it can be effectively diluted with water

A

excrete

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53
Q

Mammalian ____ convert ammonia into ____, which is much less toxic, and requires less water to excrete

A

livers, urea

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54
Q

Birds, reptiles, and some other organisms convert ammonia into ____, which is relatively nontoxic, and can be excreted as a _____ without much water loss

A

uric acid, semisolid

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55
Q

Types of excretory systems: protonephridia

A

Picture

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56
Q

Types of excretory systems: Metanephridia

A

Picture

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57
Q

Types of excretory systems: Maiphigian tubules

A

Picture

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58
Q

Key Functions of the Vertebrate excretory system

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, Excretion.

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59
Q

Blood enters the kidneys via the ____ and leaves via the ___

A

renal arteries, renal veins

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60
Q

Urine is produced by the _____ and is conveyed to the ___ via the ureters

A

kidneys, urinary bladder

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61
Q

Each kidney processes about ____ of blood per day!

A

1000 L

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62
Q

Each kidney is divided into a ____ , ____ and ____

A

cortex, medulla, and pelvis

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63
Q

The functional units of the kidneys =

A

Nephrons

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64
Q

A nephron consists of: a ball of capillaries known as a ____

A

glomerulus

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65
Q

The glomerulus perfused by the_____

A

Afferent Arteriole

66
Q

The Glomerulus is drained by the____

A

Efferent arteriole

67
Q

Filtration occurs in _______ : cells and large molecules remain in the blood, while blood pressure forces water and small molecules from the blood into _____.

A

Bowman’s capsules

68
Q

________ returns important nutrients (glucose, etc.) to the blood , and occurs especially in _____ and _____ tubules

A

Selective reabsorption, proximal and distal

69
Q

_____ adds additional waste molecules to the filtrate, especially in the tubules

A

Selective secretion

70
Q

How does the kidney selectively concentrate urine.

A

Counter curent distribution

71
Q

Reabsorption of water occurs along the _____ , _____ , and_____.

A

tubules, descending loop of Henle, collecting duct.

72
Q

_______ is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

A

Sexual reproduction

73
Q

_______ is creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

A

Asexual reproduction

74
Q

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by _____, separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

A

fission

75
Q

Asexual: In ____, new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

A

budding

76
Q

Asexual: _____ is breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults

A

Fragmentation

77
Q

Asexual: ______ is the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

A

Parthenogenesis

78
Q

Why is sexual reproduction an evolutionary enigma?

A

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females; this is the “twofold cost” of sexual reproduction

79
Q

Name the 3 advantages of genetic recombination due to sexual reproduction.

A
  • An increase in variation in offspring, providing an increase in the reproductive success of parents in changing environments
  • An increase in the rate of adaptation
  • A shuffling of genes and the elimination of harmful genes from a population
80
Q

_____ is the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

A

Ovulation

81
Q

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to changing seasons

A

Fact:Reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones and/or environmental cues

82
Q

One solution to no finding a sexual partner is ______ in which each individual has male and female reproductive systems

A

hermaphroditism,

83
Q

The mechanisms of ______, the union of egg and sperm, play an important part in sexual reproduction

A

fertilization

84
Q

In _________, eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment

A

external fertilization

85
Q

In ______, sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

A

internal fertilization

86
Q

All fertilization requires critical ____ , _____ , _____ and ______

A

timing, often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, and/or courtship behavior

87
Q

The embryos of some terrestrial animals develop in eggs with ______ and ______ shells and several internal membranes (adaptation to the terrestrial existence

A

calcium- and protein-containing

88
Q

A _____ is a common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems present in nonmammalian vertebrates; mammals usually have a separate opening to the digestive tract

A

cloaca,

89
Q

Ovaries act as both _______ and ________

A

reproductive organ and glands

90
Q

Each ovary contains many ______, which consist of a partially developed egg, called an ____, surrounded by support cells

A

follicles, oocyte

91
Q

______ expels an egg cell from the follicle, the cells of which produce estradiol prior to ovulation

A

Ovulation

92
Q

The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary, forming a mass called the _____

A

corpus luteum

93
Q

The _____ is a thin-walled chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal

A

vagina

94
Q

The ________ are not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction

A

mammary glands

95
Q

During _______, sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra

A

ejaculation

96
Q

_____ is composed of sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands

A

Semen

97
Q

The two seminal vesicles contribute about __% of the total volume of semen

A

60%

98
Q

The ______ secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

99
Q

Thickening of the endometrium during the _______ coordinates with the follicular phase

A

proliferative phase

100
Q

Shedding of the endometrium during the ________ coordinates with the growth of new ovarian follicles

A

menstrual flow phase

101
Q

After about 500 cycles, human females undergo ______, the cessation of ovulation and menstruation

A

menopause

102
Q

Menstrual cycles are characteristic only of ____and some other ______

A

humans , primates

103
Q

______, fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the oviduct

A

Conception

104
Q

Division of cells gives rise to a______, a ball of cells with a central cavity

A

blastocyst: After blastocyst formation, the embryo implants into the endometrium

105
Q

After the embryo implants into the endometrium, the embryo releases , which prevents menstruation

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); Fact: basis of pregnancies test

106
Q

Splitting of the embryo during the first month of development results in genetically ______

A

identical twins

107
Q

_____ are nerve cells that transfer information within the body

A

Neurons

108
Q

Neurons use two types of signals to communicate: ______ and ______

A

electrical signals (long-distance) and chemical signals (short-distance)

109
Q

Processing of information takes place in simple clusters of neurons called ____ or a more complex organization of neurons called a ____

A

ganglia , Brain

110
Q

Most neurons have _____, highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

111
Q

The _____ is typically a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses

A

axon

112
Q

The synaptic terminal of one axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers called _______

A

neurotransmitters

113
Q

A ______ is a junction between an axon and another cell

A

synapse

114
Q

Most neurons are nourished or insulated by cells called ____

A

glia or glial cells

115
Q

Nervous systems process information in three stages: ___ , ___ and ___

A

sensory input, integration, and motor output

116
Q

A _______ where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a nerve cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

117
Q

A _______, which carries information into and out of the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

118
Q

The neurons of the PNS, when bundled together, form ____

A

nerves

119
Q

If a depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, it results in a massive change in membrane voltage called an_____

A

action potential

120
Q

During the ______ after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated

A

refractory period

121
Q

In vertebrates, axons are insulated by a _____ , which causes an action potential’s speed to increase

A

myelin sheath

122
Q

The speed of an action potential increases with the axon’s ____

A

diameter

123
Q

The presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in _____ located in the synaptic terminal

A

synaptic vesicles

124
Q

The neurotransmitter diffuses across the ______ and is received by the postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic cleft

125
Q

_______________ are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

126
Q

________________are hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

127
Q

____ is the biological form of an organism

A

anatomy

128
Q

____ is the biological form of an organism

A

physiology

129
Q

_________ the genome, itself the product of millions of years of evolution

A

The Body plan of an animal is programmed by

130
Q

Convergent evolution often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms when ___

A

Facing the same challenge

131
Q

What materails must cells exchange across its membranes

A

Nutrients, waste products, gases

132
Q

Rate of exchange is proportional to

A

a Cell’s surface area

133
Q

What evolutoinary adaptations enable sufficient exchange with the environment?

A

Specialized, extensively branched or folded structures

134
Q

Internal control mechanism to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

A

a regulator

135
Q

Allows it’s internal condition to vary with certain external changes

A

A conformer

136
Q

The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especailly as maintainced by physiological processes

A

homeostasis

137
Q

Organisms use this to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

A

homeostasis

138
Q

For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a _____ serve as a______; these are detected by a ______ and triggers a_______

A

set point, Stimulus, sensor, response

139
Q

Homestatsis in animals relies largely on what kind of control

A

Negitive feedback

140
Q

_______ feedbackamplifies a stimulus. It either associated with pathological conditions or a change or state.

A

Positive feedback

141
Q

In animals and plants a ________ governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours.

A

circadian rhythm

142
Q

Homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environments, a process called

A

Acclimatization

143
Q

Animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals.

A

Endothermic

144
Q

Animals gain heat from external sources; includes most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles

A

ectothermic

145
Q

____ can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctutations in environmental temperature

A

Endotherms

146
Q

In general, ___ tolerate greater variation in internal temperature

A

Ectotherms

147
Q

_____ is more energetically expensice than the other.

A

Endothermy

148
Q

The body temperature of a poikilotherm varies___________

A

with its environment

149
Q

The relationship between heat source and body temperature is not fixed (that is, not all poikilotherms are

A

ectotherms

150
Q

Both endotherms and ectotherms use___________ to control body temperature

A

Behavioral responses

151
Q

Honey beese huddled together during cold weather to retain heat is a

A

behavioral response

152
Q

Thermoregulation in mammals is controlled by a region of the brain called

A

the Hypothalamus

153
Q

The _______ triggers heat loss or heat generating mechnisms

A

the Hypothalamus

154
Q

_____, a response to some infections, reflects an increase in the normal range for the biological thermostat

A

Fever

155
Q

Some_______ organisms seek warmer environments to increase theirbody temperature in response to certain infections

A

Ectothermic

156
Q

_____ is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

A

Bioenergetics

157
Q

it dertermins how much food an aniaml needs and it relates to an animals size, activity and environment

A

Bioenergetics

158
Q

_____ is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature

A

Basal metabolic rate

159
Q

_______ is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

A

standard metabolic rate

160
Q

Ectotherms have a ______metablic rates than endotherms of a comparable size

A

much lower

Biology 102 (6 decks)

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