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Topographic anatomy > Practical: Horse > Flashcards

Practical: Horse Flashcards

1
Q

Foramen mandibulae: Nerve block

A
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2
Q

Describe the nerve-block of the bicipital bursa

A
  • 6cm distal from the cranial part of major tubercle
  • 7cm cranial from the deltoid tuberosity
  • Proximomedial direction
  • Aim at the intertubercular groove

Difficult to reach, accessed in a standing horse

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3
Q

Foramen supraorbitale

A

Found in a dimple: Root of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

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4
Q

Describe the primary nerve-block of the shoulder

A
  • Between the cranial and caudal pars of the major tubercle
  • Horizontal needle
  • Caudomedial direction

The horse should be in a standing position

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5
Q

Trochanter major

A
  • Divided into low cranial and high caudal portions
  • Palpated under the biceps femoris
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6
Q
A

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

(FL)

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7
Q

Lymph node of the head

A
  • Mandibular: Intermandibular space, forms a ‘V’ shape near the facial notch
  • Lateral retropharyngeal: Found in clumps around the pharyngeal wall, caudal to the guttural pouch
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8
Q
A

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

(HL)

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9
Q

Caudoventral border of the lung

A
  • 16th IC space - Tuber coxae
  • 14th IC space - Tuber ischiadicum
  • 10th IC space - Shoulder joint

Diaphragm is located between ribs 8-17

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10
Q

Tuberositas deltoidea

A
  • Craniolateral aspect of proximal humerus
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11
Q

Age ‘determination’

2.5 years → 10 years

A
  • I1 erupts : 2.5 years
  • I2 erupts : 3.5 years
  • I3 erupts : 4.5 years
  • Dental star on I1 : 5 years
  • Dental star on I2 : 6 years
  • Dental star on I3 : 7 years
  • White spot apears in I1 dental star : 8 years
  • White spot apears in I2 dental star : 9 years
  • Cup disappears from I2 maxilla : 10 years
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12
Q

Describe the arthrocentesis of the centrodistal joint

A
  • Small depression halfway between:
    • Tuberculum of the talus
    • Os tali centrale
    • Long medial tarsal collateral ligament
  • Needle directed perpendicular to the limb
  • 1-2 cm deep
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13
Q

Describe needle access to the carpal joint (dorsal approach)

A
  • Lateral/medial from the common digital extensor
  • Palpable depressions between the bone rows

The limb should be flexed

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14
Q

Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Dorsolateral approach)

A
  • Slightly dorsal from the lateral collateral ligament
    • Eminences of Ph-1-2 are palpable
  • Needle directed lateromedially under the digital extensor tendon

The limb can be weight-bearing or extended whilst it is held

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15
Q

Nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct

A
  • Found on the floor of the nasal vestibule
  • Red/pink dot at the base of the septum
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16
Q

Give the borders of the conchal sinus

A
  • Dorsal border: Fuses with the conchofrontal sinus
  • Middle border: Communicates with the ethmoidal meatus
  • Ventral border: Connects with rostral maxillary sinus
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17
Q

Ostium ileocaecale

A

May be detected with a stethoscope a few cms ventral to the paralumbar fossa

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18
Q

List the patellar ligaments

A
  • Lateral
  • Intermediate
  • Medial
  • Lateral femoropatellar
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19
Q

Age ‘determination’

6 days → 18-24 months

A
  • Id1 erupts : 6 Days
  • Id2 erupts : 6 Weeks
  • Id3 erupts : 6 Months
  • Id1 cup disappears : 10 months
  • Id2 cup disappears : 12 months
  • Id3 cup disappears : 18-24 months

(Id1 = First Deciduous incisor)

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20
Q

Describe needle access of the coffin joint (dorsal approach)

A
  • Just over the tip of the extensor process
  • Needle direction either:
    • Parallel to the ground
    • Perpendicular to the skin

The limb should be weight-bearing, in the midline

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21
Q

Maxillary sinus

A
  • Caudal border: Opens into: Conchofrontal + sphenopalatine sinus
  • Rostral border: Opens into the ventral conchal sinus
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22
Q

Accessory ligament

A
  • Attaches DDF to the metacarpus
  • Approx. 4cm proximal to the head of the splint bone
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23
Q
A

M. extensor carpi radialis

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24
Q

Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (distal palmar/plantar approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
    • Base of Ph-I
    • Dorsoproximal needle direction

Dorsal from the lateral digital artery​​

The limb should be weight-bearing

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25
Q

Mandibular gland

A
  • Extends from basihyoid → Atlantal fossa

​Deep and rarely palpable

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26
Q

Pulse point: Artery name

A

Digital artery

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27
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Duodenum: Found on the right, turns to the left at the point of L3
  • Jejunum: Fills the left craniodorsal quadrant
  • Ileum: Short, approaches the caecum from the left
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28
Q

Briefly give the needle access of the coffin joint (lateral approach)

A

This method is barely used

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29
Q

M. extensor digiti longus

A

Found in the extensor groove of the tibia

Lateral on HL only

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30
Q

Describe the arthrocentesis of the tarsocrural joint (__plantarolateral approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Calcaneal tuber
    • Tibia
    • Trochlea of the talus
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31
Q

Flexura pelvina

A
  • Transition from the left ventral colon to the left dorsal colon
  • Found medial to the body/wing of the ilium
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32
Q

Describe arthrocentesis of the medial femorotibial joint

A
  • Between:
    • Medial collateral ligament
    • Medial patellar ligament
  • 1 cm proximal to the tibia
  • Needle perpendicular to the limb

Weight-bearing limb

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33
Q

Frontal sinus borders

A
  • Opens into the caudal maxillary sinus
  • Rostral: Midway between medial canthus and infraorbital for.
  • Caudal: Temporomandibular joint
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34
Q

The elbow joint may communicate with…

A

The bursa of the lateral carpal extensor muscle

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35
Q

Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Proximal approach)

A
  • Palmar/plantar to medial interosseus muscle
  • Proximal to annular ligament + proximal sesamoid bone
  • Needle perpendicular to the limb

The limb can be weight-bearing or held

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36
Q

Give the significance of the radiohumeral and humeroulnar joints of the elbow.

A

The joints are not separated

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37
Q

Describe the arthrocentesis of the tarsometatarsal joint

A
  • Between
    • 0.5-1 cm above the basis of Mt-IV
    • The lateral edge of the superficial digital flexor tendon
  • Needle directed dorsomedially
  • 1-2 cm deep
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38
Q

M. extensor digtorum lateralis

A

Lateral on HL + FL

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39
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Between:

  • Body of the tongue
  • Medial surface of mandible
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40
Q
A

M. abductor digiti I longus

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41
Q

Bones of the carpal joint

A
  • Radial carpal bone
  • Intermediate carpal bone
  • Ulnar carpal bone
  • Accessory carpal bone
  • C2, C3, C4
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42
Q

M. interosseus medius

A

Suspensory ligament

Both HL + FL

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43
Q

Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (dorsal approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Base of Ph-I
    • Lateral/medial to the common digital extensor tendon

  • The limb should be weight-bearing*
  • More painful than other approaches*
44
Q

Describe arthrocentesis of the tarsocrural joint (dorsomedial approach)

A
  • 2-3 cm distal to the medial malleolus
  • Cranial to the cranial branch of the medial saphenous vein
  • Needle directed plantarolaterally at 45°

Weight-bearing limb

45
Q

Describe the needle-access of the elbow joint (caudal approach)

A
  • 1/3 of the distance between
    • Proximal tip of the olecranon
    • Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • 45° needle, pointing distomedially
  • Through the tendon of the triceps
  • Toward the olecranon fossa
46
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Follow the costal cartilages to the ventral centre

47
Q

Injection sites into the digital sheath

A
  • Sheath begins 2cm above the fetlock, ending at the middle of Ph2
48
Q

Describe the superficial fibular nerve block

A
  • 10 cm proximal to the calcaneal tuber
  • On the lateral aspect
  • Between:
    • Long digital extensor tendon
    • Lateral digital extensor tendon

Weight-bearing limb

49
Q

M. flexor digitorum profundus (tendon)

A

Located between:

  • Superficial digital flexor tendon
  • Suspensory ligament

Both HL + FL

50
Q

Lingual process

A

May be palpated on the ventral surface of the hyoid bone in the intermandibular space

51
Q

M. extensor carpi radialis

52
Q

Describe synovial cavity communication in the femorotibial joint for Equine

A
  • Prox. + dist. recesses of the same side communicate with each other
  • Medial + lateral cavities never communicate
  • Med. femorotibial joint and the femoropatellar joint usually communicates
53
Q

Describe the areas of synovial communication in the hock joint

A
  • Between:
    • Tarsocrural joint
    • Talocalcaneocentral joint
  • Between:
    • Centrodistal joint
    • Tarsometatarsal joint
54
Q

List the four joints of the hock

A
  • Tarsocrural joint
  • Talocalcaneocentral joint
  • Centrodistal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joint
55
Q

Describe needle access of the proximal digital flexor tendon sheet (distal approach)

A
  • Distal to retinaculum flexorium
  • Proximally directed needle
  • Between:
    • Mc IV
    • Deep digital flexor
56
Q

Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (proximal palmar/plantar approach)

A
  • Depression found:
    • Medial interosseus muscle
    • Mc/Mt-III
    • Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
    • Head of lateral splint bone
  • Needle perpendicular to the limb

  • The limb can be held or be weight bearing*
  • Sample may be contaminated with blood*
57
Q

Parotid gland

A

Extends from:

  • Base of the ear + wing of atlas
  • ‘V’ formed by the linguofacial + maxillary vein
58
Q

M. tibialis cranialis

A

Between:

  • Long digital extensor
  • Tibia

Medial aspect

59
Q

Describe the common fibular nerve block

A
  • At the origin of the long digital extensor
  • At the head of the fibula
60
Q
A

M. extensor digitorum longus

HL only

61
Q

Describe the deep fibular nerve block

A

The same as the superficial, only 4-5 cm deep

62
Q

Describe the nerve block of the tibia

A
  • 10 cm proximal the calcaneal tuber
  • Medial aspect
  • Between:
    • Common calcaneal tendon
    • Tendon of the medial deep digital flexor

Weight-bearing limb

63
Q

Tractus appositus

A
  • Extensor branch from the suspensory ligament
  • Locate the suspensory ligament (interosseus muscle)
  • Follow over the pastern bone
64
Q

Where is the communication of the carpal join cavities found?

A

Between 3rd + 4th carpal bones

65
Q

Describe the needle-access of the elbow joint (lateral approach)

A
  • Cranial or caudal from the lateral collateral ligament
  • Perpendicular to the skin
  • 3-4cm deep

  • The radial nerve is located cranially to here*
  • The horse should be standing/have a flexed joint*
66
Q

Caput caeca

A

Right abdomen, under ribs 15-18

67
Q

R. palmaris block

68
Q

Describe needle access of the pastern joint (Palmar/plantar approach)

A
  • ‘V’-shaped depression on the palmar aspect
  • Between:
    • Distal trigone of the proximal phalanx
    • Lateral crus of superficial digital tendon
    • Ph-II
  • No exactly perpendicular but slightly dorsal needle direction

Flex the distal limb

69
Q

Greater tubercle

A
  • Split into cranial and caudal parts
70
Q

Describe arthrocentesis of the femorotibial joint (cranial approach)

A
  • From a cranial direction
  • Next to the intermediate patellar ligament
  • Horizontal needle direction

Slightly flexed position

71
Q

Buccal glands

A

Along dorsal + ventral oral vestibule (inside mouth)

72
Q

Describe the distal metacarpal/low palmar block

A
  • Between:
    • Medial interosseous muscle
    • Deep digital flexor muscle
  • 1 cm proximal to the head of Mc II/IV
  • 1.5-2 cm deep

This block is close to the tendon sheet

73
Q

Facial nerve

A

Can be seen passing over the masseter

1. in the figure

74
Q

List the salivary glands of the horse

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Mandibular gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Buchal glands
75
Q

The tibial nerve block desensitises…

A
  • Plantar tarsus + metatarsus
  • Medial interosseus muscle
  • Distal common calcaneal tendon
  • Most of the foot
76
Q

The shoulder joint may communicate with…

A

The bicipital bursa

77
Q

Describe the needle access of the navicular bursa (Lateral/medial approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Ph-II
    • Deep digital flexor
78
Q

Cartilago nasi

A

Composed of:

  • Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
  • Alar cartilage
79
Q

Lacertus fibrosus

A
  • Fibrous strand attaching biceps to the radial carpal extensor
  • Located craniomedially
80
Q

Injection sites into the carpal sheath

A
  • Tendon sheath of SDF and DDF as they pass through the carpal canal
  • Needle inserted palmar-laterally, either proximal or distal to accessory carpal bone
81
Q

List the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Conchal sinus
  • Sphenopalatine sinus
  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
82
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A
  • Deep notch in the ventral aspect is palpable
  • Behind the lingual process of the basihyoid bone
83
Q

M. abductor digiti I longus

A
  • Crosses the carpus, covering the tendon of the radial carpal extensor
84
Q

The ulnar nerve-block desensitises…

A
  • Skin of the forearm → fetlock (Laterally)
  • Carpal canal
  • Superficial digital flexor
  • Medial interosseus muscle
85
Q

M. extensor digitorum communis

A

Lateral aspect of forelimb only

86
Q

Age ‘determination’

11 years → 24 years

A
  • White spot appears on dental star of I3 : 11 years
  • Enamel spot has disappeared from all lower incisors : 12 years
  • Occlusal surace of I2 is triangular : 17 years
  • Occlusal surface of I3 is trianglular : 18 years
  • Galvayne’s groove runs the entire length of the tooth : 20 years
  • I1 has a long oval occlusal surface : 24 years
87
Q

Sphenopalatine sinus

A

Spenoid and palatine sinus are combined

88
Q

Foramen mentale

A

Located ventral to the lateral commissure of the lips

89
Q

Describe the needle access of the navicular bursa (Palmar/plantar approach)

A
  • Between hoof bulbs
  • Above the coronary band
  • The needle should be driven distally
  • Navicular bone should be touched

The limb should be weight-bearing

90
Q

Describe the palmar digital nerve-block (PD block)

A
  • Needle directed at the proximal borders of the lateral/medial ungular cartilage
  • Subcutaneous

The limb should be held

91
Q

Describe arthrocentesis of the femorotibial joint (lateral approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Intermediate patellar ligament
    • Lateral/medial patellar ligament
  • 4-5cm above the tibial tuberosity
  • Horizontal needle direction

Slightly flexed joint

92
Q

Describe needle access of the proximal digital flexor tendon sheet (Proximal approach)

A
  • Close to the antebrachiocarpal joint
  • 5cm proximal to the accessory carpal bone
  • Between:
    • Lateral digital extensor
    • Ulnar carpal extensor

Effusion improves visualisation

93
Q

What is indicated in the image?

A

Galvayne’s groove

Appears on I3 at 11 years of age

94
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • 2 x proximal: Caudal surface of the fetlock joint
  • Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone: Dorsal surface in contact with distal surface of Ph2
95
Q

Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Dorsal approach)

A

The limb can be weight-bearing or extended whilst being held

96
Q

Cartilago ungulae

A

6 & 7

  • Found on the palmar aspect of Ph3, on inner wall of the hoof
97
Q

Is the IV injection sites

A
  • Jugular vein
  • Cephalic vein
  • Deep/transverse facial veins
98
Q

Anaesthetic injections to the shoulder joint may result in…

A

A suprascapular nerve block

99
Q

M. extensor digitorum lateralis (Tendon, forelimb)

A

Between:

  • Common digital extensor muscle
  • Ulnar carpal extensor
100
Q

Describe the secondary nerve-block of the shoulder joint

A
  • Locate the infraspinatus tendon
  • Block caudal from the tendon
101
Q

Describe the nerve block of the median nerve

A
  • Caudomedial aspect
  • Cranial to the origin of the radial carpal flexor
  • Insertion of superficial pectoral muscle (of radius)
  • 3-5cm deep
  • Located next to the median artery + vein
102
Q

R. communicans (Btw. palmar nerves)

A
  • Middle of the metacarpus
  • Passing over the superficial digital flexor
103
Q

Describe arthrocentesis of the lateral femorotibial joint

A
  • Caudal to the lateral patellar ligament
  • Just above the tibia

Weight-bearing limb

104
Q

Describe the nerve block of the ulnar nerve

A
  • 10cm proximal to the accessory carpal bone
  • Caudal aspect
  • 1-1.5cm deep​
  • Between:
    • ​​Radial carpal flexor
    • Lateral carpal extensor
105
Q

Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (collateral sesamoidean approach)

A
  • Depression found between:
    • Mc/Mt-III
    • Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
  • Through lateral collateral ligament of the sesamoid bone

  • The limb should be held in order to increase space*
  • Best way to draw a blood-free sample*
106
Q

M. flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Most caudal tendon

Both HL + FL

Topographic anatomy (3 decks)

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