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Past Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Equine tarsocrural joint injection

A
  • Dorsomedial direction
  • Between tibia and talus
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2
Q

Equine tarsometatarsal joint injection

A
  • Medial direction
    • Between TC and T3
  • Lateral direction
    • Between T4 and Mt4
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3
Q

Equine stifle joint injection

A
  • Lateral direction
    • The joint recess of extensor groove
  • Medial direction
    • Between medial and intermediate patellar ligaments
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4
Q

Equine fetlock joint injection

A
  • Through dorsal recess, lateral/medial to the extensor tendon

or

  • Through palmar recess
    • Between cannon bone and suspensory ligament
    • At the level of the splint bones
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5
Q

Canine stifle joint injection

A
  • Cross between:
    • Patellar ligament
    • Lateral collateral ligament
  • Above meniscus
  • Behind long digital extensor tendon
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6
Q

Equine common peroneal nerve block

A
  • Lateral aspect
  • 12cm prox. to tuber calcanei
  • Between long and lateral digital extensors
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7
Q

Canine common peroneal nerve block

A
  • Feel the nerve on the head of the fibula
  • Inject just distally to this
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8
Q

Canine deep peroneal nerve block

A
  • Groove between long digital extensor and peroneus longus
  • Halfway between stifle and tarsus
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9
Q

Pulse taking in ruminants

A

Coccygeal artery

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10
Q

Drawing blood in ruminants

A
  • Vena cava cranialis
  • V. jugularis
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11
Q

Drawing blood in canine

A
  • External jugular
  • Cephalic
  • Saphenous
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12
Q

During an equine rectal exam, can you palpate the spermatic cord?

A

Yes

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13
Q

During an equine rectal exam, which kidney can be palpated?

A

Caudal part of the left kidney

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14
Q

During an equine rectal exam, which inguinal ring can be felt?

A

Deep

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15
Q

During a ruminant rectal exam, which diverticulum can you feel?

A

Suburethral

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16
Q

During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated on the left?

A

Left:

  • Rumen
  • Abomasum
  • Spleen
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17
Q

During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated in the middle?

A

Middle:

  • Kidneys
  • Left ureter
  • Ovaries
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18
Q

During a ruminant rectal exam, list what can be palpated on the right?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Caudal flexure of the duodenum
  • Bladder
  • Uterus
  • Colon
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19
Q

Does the perineum cover the cervix?

A

No

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20
Q

Does the peritoneum cover the cervix?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Does the mediastinum cover the cervix?

A

No

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22
Q

Where is the descending duodenum?

A

Right side

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23
Q

The direction of the ascending duodenum

A

Cranially on the left

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24
Q

Difference between left and right uterine horns

A
  • Right is longer/more cranial
  • Left is looser (longer suspension)
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25
Q

What is cranial to Lig. vesicae lateralis?

A

Lig. teres vesicae

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26
Q

In horse, which portion of the left kidney is in the greater mesentery?

A

Dorsal

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27
Q

In horse, give the direction of colon travel

A
  1. R. ventral → Sternal flexure
  2. L. ventral → Pelvic flexure
  3. L. dorsal → Diaphragmatic felxure
  4. R. dorsal → Ampulla
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28
Q

In horse, where is the spleen?

A

Left side, craniodorsally

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29
Q

In horse, where is the ostium ileocaecale?

A
  • Right side, middle and ventrally
  • 7cm cranioventrally to tuber coxae
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30
Q

In horse, where is the small intestine?

A

Left side, caudodorsally

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31
Q

In horse, where is the pelvic flexure?

A
  • Left side, caudoventrally
  • Between left ventral and left dorsal colon
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32
Q

In horse, where is the caecum?

A
  • Right side, dorsally
  • Apex at the sternum
  • Base at paralumbar fossa
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33
Q

In horse, which direction does the ileum go?

A

Left → right

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34
Q

In horse, how many ligaments of the bladder are there?

A

3

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35
Q

In ruminant, where is the omasum?

A
  • Caudodorsal to the reticulum
  • Above abomasum
  • Facies liber on the right
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36
Q

In ruminant, where is the rumen?

A

Fills the left side

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37
Q

In ruminant, where is the left kidney?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Caudal to the right kidney
  • In midline
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38
Q

In ruminant, where is the greater omentum attached?

A
  • On the rumen
  • Along sulcus longitudinalis sin., caud. and dex.
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39
Q

In ruminant, where is the reticulum?

A
  • Left side, ventrally
  • 6-9IC space
  • Against the sternum
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40
Q

In ruminant, where is the liver?

A

Right of the reticulum and omasum

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41
Q

In ruminant, what do you find at the female urethra?

A

Suburethral diverticulum

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42
Q

In ruminant, what is the direction of the hilus of the left kidney?

A

Dorsal

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43
Q

In ruminant, what is the position of omasum relative to reticulum?

A

Dorsal/Caudal/Dextral

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44
Q

In ruminant, what is in contact with the right of the omasum?

A

Liver

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45
Q

In ruminant, what is caudal to the omasum?

A

Abomasum

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46
Q

In ruminant, what is the position of the sigmoid flexure of the colon relative to the deferent duct?

A

Caudal

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47
Q

In ruminant, which side of the greater omentum is the colon descendens?

A

Lamina visceralis

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48
Q

In ruminant, which side of the greater omentum is the colon centripetalis?

A

Lamina visceralis

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49
Q

In ruminant, which organs are around the greater omentum?

A

Visceral:

  • Colon
  • Jejunum

Parietal:

  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Kidney
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50
Q

In ruminant, is the abomasum in contact with the abdominal wall?

A

Yes

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51
Q

In ruminant, describe the ascending colon

A
  1. Proximal loop
  2. Centripetal coils
  3. Central flexure
  4. Centrifugal coils
  5. Distal loop
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52
Q

In ruminant, name the folds of the rumen

A

Villi / Papillae

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53
Q

In canine, which male accessory gland is at the neck of the bladder?

A

Prostate

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54
Q

In canine, where is the gall bladder?

A

Between the right medial and quadrate lobes

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55
Q

In canine, does the stomach contact the abdominal wall?

A

Only when full

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56
Q

In canine, Is the cervix intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Retro

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57
Q

Which ligament is attached to the joint capsule of the stifle?

A

Medial collateral

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58
Q

Do tarsocrural and proximal tarsal joint capsules communicate?

59
Q

If you insert a pin to the tuber calcanei, which tendons do you go through?

A

Gastrocnemius + SDF

60
Q

In equine, which ligaments attach to the patella?

A

Medial + intermediate

61
Q

In equine, which meniscus is not attached to the femur?

62
Q

In equine, which femorotibial capsule communicates with the femoropatellar capsule?

63
Q

In equine, how do you treat club hoof?

A

Cut accessory ligament of DDF or SDF tendon

64
Q

In equine, how do you treat bone spavin?

A
  • Tarsometatarsal ankylosis

or

  • Cut medial tendon of insertion of tibialis cranialis
65
Q

In equine, what is arthrotomy of the fetlock joint?

A

Removal of apical sesamoid fractures

66
Q

In equine, which lameness indicated joint degeneration?

A

Supportive leg lameness

67
Q

In equine, which lameness indicated muscle, tendon or ligament damage?

A

Swinging leg lameness

68
Q

In equine, do the medial and lateral stifle capsules communicate?

69
Q

In equine, how do you check the bone spavin?

A
  • Flex the tarsus for a while
  • If lameness worsens → Bone spavin
70
Q

In equine, if tuber calcanei is fractured, what can be done?

A

Extension of the hock

71
Q

In ruminants, name the patellar ligaments

A

Lateral, medial and intermediate

72
Q

In ruminants, do the lateral and medial stifle capsule communicate?

73
Q

In canine, do the lateral and medial stifle capsules communicate?

74
Q

Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Equine

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk: IC3, distal third
  2. Aorta: IC4, 5cm below shoulder
  3. LAV: IC4-5, distal third
  4. RAV: IC3-4 distal portion
75
Q

Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Canine

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk: IC<span>3</span>, above sternum
  2. Aorta: IC4, shoulder
  3. LAV: IC5, distal third
  4. RAV: IC4, distal portion
76
Q

Give the puncta maxima of the heart: Ruminant

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk: IC2-3, distal third
  2. Aorta: IC3-4, 2cm below shoulder
  3. LAV: IC4, distal third
  4. RAV: IC3, distal portion
77
Q

Give the lung borders of canine

A
  1. VC: IC12
  2. TC: IC11
  3. TI: IC10
  4. Sh: IC<span>8</span>
78
Q

Give the lung borders of ruminant

A
  1. VC: IC12
  2. TC: IC11
  3. TI: Ø
  4. Sh: IC<span>8</span>
79
Q

Give the lung borders of swine

A
  1. VC: IC12
  2. TC: IC11
  3. TI: IC9
  4. Sh: IC7
80
Q

Number of (unilateral) ribs: Ca

81
Q

Number of (unilateral) ribs: Ruminant

82
Q

Number of (unilateral) ribs: Swine

83
Q

Number of (unilateral) ribs: Equine

84
Q

Location of cardiac dullness: Canine

A
  • Left side: IC4-IC6
  • Right side: IC4-IC5
85
Q

Location of cardiac dullness: Equine

A
  • Left side: IC3-IC5
  • Right side: IC4-IC5
86
Q

Location of cardiac dullness: Ruminant

A
  • Left side: IC3-IC4
  • Right side: Ø
87
Q

Relative dullness length: Small animals

88
Q

Relative dullness length: Large animals

89
Q

What is relative dullness?

A
  • Where the heart is partly covered by lungs
  • Not in contact with the thoracic wall
90
Q

What recess surrounds margo acutus of lungs?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

91
Q

What is the role of recesses?

A

Fluid traps

92
Q

Which heart wall is more cranial?

93
Q

Which heart sound is more cranial?

A

Pulmonary trunk

94
Q

Where is the oesophagus?

A
  1. Dorsal to the trachea in the neck
  2. Then falls to the left in the thorax
95
Q

In equine, which sinus does not communicate with the maxillary sinus?

96
Q

In equine, which concha connects to the frontal sinus?

97
Q

In equine, is the maxillary sinus divided?

A

Yes

  • By a septum into the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus
  • And partly by the infraorbital canal into lat. and med. maxillary sinus
98
Q

In equine, what communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus?

A

Conchofrontal + Sphenopalatine sinus

99
Q

In ruminants, which sinus extends into the horns?

A

Frontal sinus

100
Q

In ruminants, describe the sinus system

A
  1. Ventral + dorsal systems
  2. Maxillary doesn’t communicate with frontal
  3. Frontal is divided into rostral + caudal parts
  4. Lacrimal sinus present; palatine sinus Ø
101
Q

Innervation of CN-II

A

Optic nerve → Retina

102
Q

Efferent nerve of the pupillary reflex

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN-III)

103
Q

Afferent nerve of the pupillary reflex?

A

Optic nerve (CN-II)

104
Q

Innervation of CN-III

A

Oculomotor →

  • Dors. + vent. rectus mm.
  • Vent. oblique m.
  • Levator palpebralis
  • Sphincter pupillae
105
Q

Facial nerve is for…?

A
  • Facial expression mm.
  • Sensory to skin
  • Special sensory to tongue (chorda tympani)
106
Q

Nerves of palpebrae

A
  • Afferent → Trigeminal
  • Efferent → Facial
107
Q

Nerves of nostrils

A
  • Infraorbital
  • Caudal nasal
  • Nasociliary
108
Q

Sensory nerves of the tongue

A
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN-IX)
  • Facial (CN-VII)
  • Mandibular (CN-V3)
109
Q

Motor nerve of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal (CN-XII)

110
Q

What is blocked by the mandibular nerve block?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Mastication mm.
  • Lower teeth + lip
  • Tongue
  • Part of external ear
111
Q

Muscular innervation of the trigeminal nerve

A

Muscles of mastication

112
Q

In equine, give the nerves innervating the eyes

A
  • Abducent
  • Trochlear
  • Oculomotor
  • Optic
113
Q

In equine, give the nerves innervating the muscles of the head

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
114
Q

In equine, give the nerves innervating the mouth

A
  • Vagus
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Hypoglossal
115
Q

In ruminants, which nerve should be anaesthetised when dehorning?

A

R. cornualis ex zygomaticotemporal ex trigeminal

116
Q

Which species have a patellar lymph node?

117
Q

Which species have a suburethral diverticulum?

118
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A

Closure of AV valves, systole

119
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

Closure of semilunar valves, diastole

120
Q

When can’t you hear heart sounds?

A

Inspiration

121
Q

When can you hear heart sounds?

A

Expiration

122
Q

Mammary gland arrangement: Equine

A
  • Thoracic: Ø
  • Abdominal: Ø
  • Inguinal: 2

Total: 2

2 openings in each teat

123
Q

Mammary gland arrangement: Swine

A
  • Thoracic: 4
  • Abdominal: 6
  • Inguinal: 2

Total: 12-14

2/3 openings in each teat

124
Q

Mammary gland arrangement: Feline

A
  • Thoracic: 4
  • Abdominal: 2
  • Inguinal: 2

Total: 8

4-8 openings in each teat

125
Q

Mammary gland arrangement: Bovine

A
  • Thoracic: Ø
  • Abdominal: Ø
  • Inguinal: 4

Total: 4

1 openings in each teat

126
Q

Mammary gland arrangement: Canine

A
  • Thoracic: 4
  • Abdominal: 4
  • Inguinal: 2

Total: 10

8-15 openings in each teat

127
Q

Give the blood supply of the retina

A

Ophthalmic artery (ex internal carotid)

128
Q

What lymph node is between latissumus dorsi and deep pectoral?

A

Accessory axillary

129
Q

In equine, when does Di2 erupt?

130
Q

In equine, what are the borders of Viborg’s triangle?

A
  • Linguofacial vein
  • Caudal border of mandible
  • Tendo m. sternomandibularis
131
Q

Which structures are in incisura vasorum facialum?

A
  • Facial A./v
  • Parotid duct
132
Q

Which salivary gland cannot be palpated?

133
Q

Give the number of vertebrae: Swine

A
  • C: 7
  • Th: 14-15
  • L: 6
  • S: 4
134
Q

Give the number of vertebrae: Ruminant

A
  • C: 7
  • Th: 13
  • L: 6
  • S: 5
135
Q

Give the number of vertebrae: Equine

A
  • C: 7
  • Th: 18
  • L: 6
  • S: 5
136
Q

Give the number of vertebrae: Canine

A
  • C: 7
  • Th: 13
  • L: 7
  • S: 3
137
Q

Give the dental formulae: Swine

A

Upper: 3/1/4/3

Lower: 3/1/4/3

138
Q

Give the dental formulae: Ruminant

A

Upper: 0/0/3/3

Lower: 3/1/3/3

139
Q

Give the dental formulae: Equine

A

Upper: 3/1/3/3

Lower: 3/1/3/3

140
Q

Give the dental formulae: Canine

A

Upper: 3/1/4/2

Lower: 3/1/4/3

141
Q

Pulse taking from the metatarsal

A

From the dorsal aspect

142
Q

Which surface isn’t anaesthetised during the digital nerve block?

A

Dorsal surface

143
Q

Which joint is used for distal metacarpal block?

A
  • Fetlock
  • Pastern
  • Coffin
144
Q

Which joint is used for high digital block?

A

Fetlock joint

Topographic anatomy (3 decks)

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