Practical Exam 4- Legs, Neck, and Others

Question 1

Saphenous Opening (Hiatus)

Answer 1

About 4 cm Inferior to the Inguinal Ligament

Great Saphenous passes deeply through the opening and drains into the femoral vein.

Question 2

Lymph Nodes
Horizontal Group- Inguinal Ligament
Vertical Group- Proximal Great Saphenous

Answer 2

They are both located in the proximal thigh
The Horizontal Group is about 2 cm below the Inguinal Ligament. Almost run parallel to it
The Vertical Group is around the proximal end of the Great Saphenous Vein and essentially runs parallel to that

Question 3

Great Saphenous Vein

Answer 3

Runs along the Anterior/Lateral Side of the Thigh and Leg
From Inferior to Superior, the veins that drain into the Great Saphenous are Dorsal Venous Arch of the the Foot, Different Perforating and Superficial Veins (External Pudendal, Epigastric, and Circumflex Iliac), and then the Accessory Saphenous Vein
Ends after going through the Saphenous Hiatus around the Inguinal Ligament when it becomes the Femoral Vein

Question 4

Perforating Veins of Saphenous

Answer 4

Connect the Great Saphenous Vein to the Deep Venous System

Question 5

Accessory Saphenous Vein

Answer 5

The Median Cubital of the Leg
Connects the Small Saphenous to the Great Saphenous
Drains the Superficial Fascia and skin of the Medial Side of the Thigh
May be connected very proximally to the Great Saphenous

Question 6

Superficial External Pudental Artery

Answer 6

Essentially courses from the Groin area laterally to the Saphenous Hiatus
Most Inferior and Medial Branch
Artery Follows the same path as the Vein

Question 7

Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery

Answer 7

Essentially courses from the hip Medially to the Saphenous Hiatus while following the Inguinal Ligament
Only Lateral Vein
Artery follows the same path as the Vein

Question 8

Saphenous Nerve

Answer 8

Accompanies Great Saphenous Vein in LEG

A branch of Femoral Nerve that pierces the Deep Fascia on the Medial Side of the knee

Question 9

Cutaneous Branch of Obturator Nerve

Answer 9

Innervates skin of the Medial Thigh

Question 10

Anterior Cutaneous Branches of Femoral Nerve

and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Answer 10

Innervates the skin of the Anterior Thigh
These branches enter the Superficial Fascia Lateral to the Great Saphenous Vein

Passes deep to the lateral end of the Inguinal Ligament and innervates the skin of the Lateral Thigh

Question 11

Superficial Fibular Nerve

Answer 11

Innervates Dorsum of Foot Toes

Question 12

Fascia Lata

Answer 12

Deep Fascia in the thigh

The Lateral Portion is particularly strong and is called the Iliotibial Tract

Question 13

Iliotibial Tract

Answer 13

Thick portion of the Fascia Lata running on the Lateral side of the Thigh running from the Hip to Knee.

Question 14

Crural Fascia

Answer 14

The deep fascia of the Leg

Question 15

Pedal Fascia

Answer 15

The Deep Fascia of the Foot

Question 16

Flexor Retinaculum of the Foot

Answer 16

The portion of the Retinaculum on the Posterior and Medial side connecting the Calcaneus

Question 17

Superior Extensor Retinaculum

Answer 17

Band of Retinaculum running along the Anterior Side about where ankle high socks would sit

Question 18

Inferior Extensor Retinaculum

Answer 18

Y Shaped

This portion of the Extensor Retinaculum is more on the top of the Foot

Question 19

Extensor Hallucis Brevis and Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Answer 19

Origin: Superolateral Surface of Calcaneus, Lateral Talocalcaneal Ligament, and Cruciate Crural Ligament
Insertion: Dorsal Surface of base of Proximal Phalanx of Great Toe and Lateral sides of tendons of Extensor Digitorum Longus to Digits 2-4
Action: Aids the Extensor Digitorum Longus in Extending 4 Medial Digits
Nerve: Deep Fibular Nerve
Blood Supply: Dorsalis Pedis, Lateral Tarsal, Arcuate, and Fibular Nerves

Question 20

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Answer 20

Origin: Lateral Condyle of Fibula, Medial Fibular Shaft surface, upper part of Interosseus Membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of Middle and Distal Phalanges of Digits 2-5
Action: Extend toes 2-5 and Dorsiflexes Ankle
Nerve: Deep Peroneal Nerve
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial Artery

Question 21

Tibialis Anterior

Answer 21

Origin: Lateral Condyle of Tibia, Lateral Surface of Tibial Shaft, Interosseus Membrane, and Deep surface of Fascia Cruris
Insertion: Medial and Plantar surfaces of the Base of 1st Metatarsal and Cuneiform
Action: Dorsiflexion of Ankle and Invertor of Foot
Nerve: Deep Peroneal Nerve
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial Artery

Question 22

Extensor Hallicus Longus

Answer 22

Origin: Anterior Surface of Fibula and Interosseus Membrane
Insertion: Base and Dorsal surface of Distal Phalanx of Great Toe
Action: Extends Great Toe and Dorsiflexes Ankle
Nerve: Deep Peroneal Nerve
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial Artery

Question 23

Fibularis Tertius

Answer 23

Origin: Medial Fibular Shaft surface and Anterior Intermuscular Septum
Insertion: Dorsal Surface of base of 5th Metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflex, Evert, and Abduct the Foot
Nerve: Deep Peroneal Nerve
Blood Supply: Anterior Tibial Artery

Question 24

Femoral Triangle

Answer 24

Pulse of Femoral Artery can be palate do here
Superior- Inguinal Ligament
Lateral- Sartorius Muscle
Medial- Adductor Longus Muscle
In the Floor- Iliopsoas and Pectineus Muscle
Contents- Femoral Nerve, Femoral Artery, Femoral Vein, and Femoral Sheath- “VAN” from Medial to Lateral

Question 25

Femoral Sheath Lateral Compartment Intermediate Compartment Medial Compartment (For Expansion)

Answer 25

Lateral Compartment contains the Femoral Artery Intermediate Compartment Contains the Femoral Vein Medial Compartment contains the lymphatic system (Vertical) The Femoral sheath is also called the Femoral Canal and the proximal opening in the Abdomen is called the Femoral Ring

Question 26

Deep Artery of the Thigh

Answer 26

Courses parallel to the Femoral Artery but is Posterior to the Adductor Longus Muscle Supplies the Medial and Posterior Compartments on the Thigh

Question 27

Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

Answer 27

Passes Deep to Rectus Femoris Usually arises from the Deep Artery of the Thigh very close the Femoral Artery, but sometimes arises directly from Femoral Artery Passes Laterally, Deep to the Superior end of the Rectus Femoris Muscle Supplies the Muscles and Soft Tissues of the Lateral part of the Thigh in 3 branches: Ascending Branch, Transverse Branch, and Descending Branch

Question 28

Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery

Answer 28

Typically arises from the deep artery of the thigh close to the Femoral Artery Passes Posteriorly between the Pectineus and Iliopsoas muscles Important blood supply to the Head and Neck of the Femur

Question 29

Pectineus

Answer 29

Origin: Superior Ramus of Pubis Insertion: Pectineal line of Femur Action: Adducts and Flexes Thigh; Assists with Medial Rotation Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery and Obturator Artery

Question 30

Iliopsoas Iliacus Psoas Major

Answer 30

Origin: Iliac Crest, Iliac Fossa, Ala of Sacrum, and Anterior Sacroiliac Ligaments Insertion: Tendon of Psoas Major, Lesser Trochanter, and Femur Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint and stabilizes the joint Nerve: Femoral Nerve (L2,L3) Blood Supply: Iliac Branches of Iliolumbar Artery Origin: Sides of T12-L1 and discs Insertion: Pectineal Line, Iliopectineal Eminence via Iliopectineal Arch Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint and stabilizes the joint Nerve: Anterior Rami of Lumbar Nerves (L1, L2) Blood Supply: Lumbar branches of Iliolumbar Artery

Question 31

Sartorius

Answer 31

Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and notch below it Insertion: Superior part of Medial surface of Tibia Action: Abducts, Laterally Rotates, and Flexes thigh; Flexes knee Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Profunda Femoris and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 32

Rectus Femoris

Answer 32

Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine and Ilium Superior to Acetabulum Insertion: Base of Patella and Tibial Tuberosity via patellar Ligament Action: Extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Profunda Femoris and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 33

Vastus Lateralis

Answer 33

Origin: Greater Trochanter, Lateral Lip of Linea Aspera of Femur Insertion: Base of Patella and to Tibial Tuberosity via Patellar Ligament Action: Extends leg at Knee Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Lateral Circumflex Femoral and Profunda Femoris Arteries

Question 34

Vastus Medialis

Answer 34

Origin: Intertrochanteric Line, Medial lip of Linea Aspera of Femur Insertion: Base of Patella and to Tibial Tuberosity via Patellar Ligament Action: Extends leg at Knee Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Femoral and Profunda Femoris Arteries

Question 35

Vastus Intermedius

Answer 35

Origin: Anterior and Lateral surfaces of body of Femur Insertion: Base of Patella and to Tibial Tuberosity via Patellar Ligament Action: Extends Leg at Knee Nerve: Femoral Nerve Blood Supply: Lateral Circumflex Femoral and and Profunda Femoris Arteries

Question 36

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

Answer 36

The tendons of the four Quadriceps (Vastus Lateralis, Medialis, and Intermedius and Quadriceps Femoris) united and is attached to the Patella

Question 37

Patellar Tendon

Answer 37

Attaches the Patella to the Tibial Tuberosity, so the Inferior Attachment of the Quadriceps Tendon and Muscles is ultimately on the Tibial Tuberosity

Question 38

Gracilis

Answer 38

Origin: Body and Inferior Ramus of Pubis Insertion: Superior Part of Medial Surface of Tibia Action: Adducts thigh at hips and stabilizes joint, acts with Psoas Major Nerve: Obturator Nerve Blood Supply: Profunda Femoris Artery, Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery

Question 39

Adductor Longus

Answer 39

Origin: Body of Pubis Inferior to Pubic Crest Insertion: Middle Third of Linea Aspera of Femur Action: Adducts thigh at hip Nerve: Obturator Nerve (Anterior Division) Blood Supply: Profunda Femoris and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 40

Adductor Brevis

Answer 40

Origin: Body and Inferior Pubic Ramus Insertion: Pectineal Line and Proximal Part of Linea Aspera of Femur Action: Adducts thigh at Hip, Weak Hip Flexor Nerve: Obturator Nerve Blood Supply: Profunda Femoris, Medial Circumflex Femoral, and Obturator Arteries

Question 41

Adductor Magnus

Answer 41

Origin: Inferior Pubic Ramus, Ramus of Ischium (Hamstring part is the Ischial Tuberosity) Insertion: Gluteal Tuberostiy, Linea Aspera, Medial Supracondylar Line (Hamstring Part is the Adductor Tubercle of Femur) Action: Adductor Part: Adducts and Flexes Thigh; Hamstring Part: Extends Thigh Nerve: Adductor Part: Obturator Nerve; Hamstring Part: Sciatic Nerve (Tibial Division) Blood Supply: Femoral, Profunda Femoris, and Obturator Arteries

Question 42

Obturator Nerve

Answer 42

Innervates Medial Compartment of the Thigh Originates in the Lumbar Plexus, runs through the Pelvis and and Anterior branch crosses the anterior surface of Adductor Brevis while a Posterior branch crosses the posterior side

Question 43

Anterior and Posterior Branch of Obturator Nerve

Answer 43

Anterior is in front of Adductor Brevis | Posterior is behind Adductor Brevis

Question 44

Small Saphenous Vein

Answer 44

Runs along the Posterior side of the Lower Limb Seems to appear around the area of the Popliteal Fossa where it pierces the deep fascia and Drains into the Popliteal Vein

Question 45

Sural Nerve

Answer 45

Courses with Small Saphenous Pierces the Deep Fascia halfway down the Posterior aspect of the Leg Innervates the skin of the Lateral aspect of the Ankle and Foot

Question 46

Cluneal Nerves

Answer 46

Innervates the skin of the Gluteal Region Superior Cluneal Nerves come from Posterior Rami of L1-L3 and innervate the Upper Buttock Middle Cluneal Nerves come from Posterior Rami of S1-S3 and innervate the Middle Buttock Inferior Cluneal Nerves come from Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh and wrap around the Inferior border of the Gluteus innervate get the Lower Buttock

Question 47

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 47

Origin: Ilium Posterior to Posterior Gluteal Line, Dorsal Surface of Sacrum/Coccyx, Sacrotuberous Ligament Insertion: Iliotibial Tract and Tuberosity of Femur Action: Extends Flexed Thigh, Assists in Lateral Rotation, and Abducts Thigh Nerve: Inferior Gluteal Nerve Blood Supply: Inferior Gluteal Arteries

Question 48

Inferior Gluteal Artery and Vein

Answer 48

Located near the center of the muscle | Gluteus Maximus also receives blood from the Superior Gluteal Artery, but Inferior only supplies Maximus

Question 49

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Answer 49

Supplies Gluteus Maximus Only

Question 50

Gluteus Medius

Answer 50

Origin: Lateral surface of Ilium Insertion: Lateral surface of Greater Trochanter of Femur Action: Abducts/medially rotates thigh at hips and steadies pelvis on leg with opposite leg is raised Nerve: Superior Gluteal Nerve Blood Supply: Superior Gluteal Artery

Question 51

Piriformis

Answer 51

Origin: Anterior Surface of Sacral Segments 2-4, Sacrotuberous Ligament Insertion: Superior Border of Greater Trochanter of Femur Action: Laterally rotates extended thigh, Abducts flexed thigh at hip Nerve: Ventral Rami of L5, S1, S2 Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior Gluteal Arteries, Internal Pudendal Artery

Question 52

Superior Gluteal Artery, Vein, and Nerve

Answer 52

Superior to Piriformis | Exit the Pelvic Cavity and Enter the Gluteal Region by passing above the Superior border of the Piriformis Muscle

Question 53

Sciatic Nerve

Answer 53

Supplies Posterior Thigh and Leg The Largest Nerve in the Body Divides into the Tibial Division (Medial Popliteal Nerve) and the Common Fibular Division (Lateral Popliteal Nerve)

Question 54

Inferior and Superior Gemellis

Answer 54

Superior attaches the the Ischial Spine superior to the Obturator Internus Muscle and Inferior attaches to the Ischial Tuberosity inferior to the Obturator Internus Muscle Other attachment is with the Obturator Internus Tendon to the Greater Trochanter of the Femur Lateral Rotators of the Thigh

Question 55

Obturator Internus Muscle

Answer 55

Medial attachment is on the inner surface of the margin of the Obturator Foramen and the Inner Surface of the Obturator Membrane Exits the Lesser Pelvis by passing through the Lesser Sciatic Foramen Lateral attachment is on the medial side of the Greater Trochanter of the Femur and is a Lateral Rotator

Question 56

Nerve to Obturator Internus

Answer 56

Supplies the Obturator Internus

Question 57

Quadratus Femoris

Answer 57

Inferior to Inferior Gamellus, Ishium to Intertrochanteric Crest (Lateral Rotator) Origin: Lateral Margin of Ischial Tuberosity Insertion: Quadrate Tubercle on Intertrochanteric Crest of Femur Action: Laterally Rotates Thigh at Hip Nerve: Nerve to Quadratus Femoris Blood Supply: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery

Question 58

Tensor Fascia Latae

Answer 58

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to IT Band (Adductor and Medial Rotator of Thigh) Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and Anterior part of Iliac Crest Insertion: Iliotibial Tract Action: Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh at hip. Helps keep knee extended Nerve: Superior Gluteal Nerve Blood Supply: Ascending branch of Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

Question 59

Pes Anserinus

Answer 59

Common Insertion of Semitendinosis, Sartorius, and Gracilis | Located at the proximal end of the Tibia

Question 60

Biceps Femoris Long and Short Head

Answer 60

Origin: Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity; Short Head: Linea Aspera and Lateral Supracondylar Line of Femur Insertion: Lateral Side of Head of Fibula Action: Flexes and Laterally Rotates Leg, Extends thigh at High Nerve: Sciatic Nerve (Long=Tibial Division) (Short=Common Fibular Division) Blood Supply: Perforating Branches of Profunda Femoris, Inferior Gluteal, and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 61

Gastrocnemius

Answer 61

Origin: Medial head- Posterior Nonarticular surface of Medial Femoral Condyle; Lateral Head- Lateral Surface of Femoral Lateral Condyle Insertion: The Deep Tendon of Soleus which is the formation of the Achilles Tendon; Inserts on the Middle Third of Posterior Calcaneal Surface Action: Powerful Plantar Flexor of Ankle Nerve: Tibial Nerve Blood Supply: A Sural Branch of the Popliteal Artery

Question 62

Soleus

Answer 62

Origin: Posterior Aspect of Fibular Head, Upper quarter of Posterior Surface of Fibular, Middle Third of Medial Border of Tibial Shaft, and Posterior Surface of a Tendinous Arch Spanning the two sites of Bone Origin Insertion: Unites with Gastrocnemius Aponeurosis to form the Achilles Tendon and inserting on posterior Calcaneus Surface Action: Powerful plantar Flexor of Ankle Nerve: Posterior Tibial, Peroneal, and Sural Arteries Blood Supply:

Question 63

Plantaris

Answer 63

Origin: Inferior Aspect of Lateral Supracondylar Line of Distal Femur Insertion: Middle Third of Posterior Calcaneal Surface medial to Achilles Tendon Action: Tibial Nerve Nerve: Sural Arteries Blood Supply:

Question 64

Semitendonosis

Answer 64

Origin: Ischial Tuberosity Insertion: Superior Part of of Medial Surface of Tibia Action: Flexes Knee, Extends Thigh Nerve: Sciatic Nerve (Tibial Division) Blood Supply: Perforating branch of Profunda Femoris and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 65

Semimembranosus

Answer 65

Origin: Ischial Tuberostiy Insertion: Posterior part of Medial Condyle of Tibia Action: Flexes Leg, Extends Thigh Nerve: Sciatic Nerve (Tibial Division) Blood Supply: Perforating branch of Profunda Femoris and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Question 66

Popliteal Artery and Vein

Answer 66

Located in the Popliteal Fossa (Knee Pit) Located deep to the Tibial Nerve Enclosed by a connective tissue sheath

Question 67

Tibial Nerve

Answer 67

Exit the Popliteal Fossa by passing deep to the Tendinous Arch of the Soleus Muscle It is the Medial Split from the Sciatic Nerve Passes deep to the Plantaris and Gastrocnemius muscles at the Inferior Border of the Popliteal Fossa

Question 68

Common Fibular Nerve

Answer 68

The Most Frequently Injured Nerve in the Body- Injury causes impairment of Eversion, Dorsifelxion of the Foot, and Extension of the Toes (Foot Drop) The Lateral Portion of the Sciatic Nerve split It Parallels the Biceps Femoris Tendon and passes superficial to the Lateral Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle and Plantaris Muscle Splits into a Deep Fibular Nerve and Superficial Fibular Nerve

Question 69

Genticular Arteries: Superior (Proximal to Origin of Gastrocnemius) and Inferior (Distal to Attachment of Gastrocnemius)

Answer 69

The Superior ones are located deep in the Politeal Fossa, proximal to the attachments of the Gastrocnemius muscle The Inferior ones pass deep (distal) to the Superior Attachments of the Gastrocnemius muscle They are both branches of the Popliteal Artery

Question 70

Anterior Tibial Artery

Answer 70

This artery runs along the same side as the Deep Fibular Nerve It passes Posteriorly over the Superior border of the Interosseus Membrane

Question 71

Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 71

Runs along the side of the Tibial Nerve after exiting the Popliteal Fossa by passing deep to the Tendinous Arch of the Soleus Muscle

Question 72

Fibular Artery

Answer 72

Branches off of the Posterior Tibular Artery and runs more Laterally posterior to the Fibula Courses distally between the Tibial Posterior Muscle and the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle Supplies blood to the Lateral Compartment of the Leg and Lateral side of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg by means of Several Small Branches

Question 73

Popliteus

Answer 73

Origin: Anterior Part of the Popliteal Groove on Lateral Surface of Lateral Femoral Condyle Insertion: Posterior Surface of Tibia in a fan-like fashion, just Superior to the Popliteal Line Action: Rotates Knee Medially and Flexes Leg on the Thigh Nerve: Tibial Nerve Blood Supply: Medial Inferior Genicular Branch of Popliteal Artery and Muscular Branch ofPosterior Tibial Artery

Question 74

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Answer 74

Origin: Posterior Surface of Tibia Distal to Politeal Line Insertion: Plantar Surface of bases of 2-5 distal phalanges Action: Flexes toes 2-5 and also helps in plantar Flexion of ankle Nerve: Tibial Nerve Blood Supply: Muscular branch of Posterior Tibial Artery

Question 75

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Answer 75

Origin: Inferior 2/3 of Posterior Surface of Fibula and Lower part of Interosseus Membrane Insertion: Plantar Surface of base of Distal Phalanx of Great Toe Action: Flexes Great Toe, Helps Supinate Ankle, and is a very weak Plantar Flexor of Ankle Nerve: Tibial Nerve Blood Supply: Muscular Branch of Peroneal and Posterior Tibial Artery

Question 76

Tibialis Posterior

Answer 76

Origin: Posterior Tibia, Interosseus Membrane, and Proximal half of Posterior Fibula Insertion: Tuberosity of Navicular Bone, All Cuneiforms, Cuboid, and bases of Metatarsals 2-4 Action: Plantarflexes Foot at Ankle and Inverts Foot Nerve: Tibial Nerve Blood Supply: Fibial Artery

Question 77

Platysma

Answer 77

Covers the Lower Part of the Posterior Triangle Passes superficial to the Clavicle and attaches to the Superficial Fascia of the Deltoid and Pectoral Regions Attached to the Mandible, Skin of the Cheek, Angle of the Mouth, and Orbicularis Oris Mucle Innervated by the Cervical Branch of the Facal Nerve (CN VII)

Question 78

Posterior Triangle

Answer 78

Anterior Border- The Posterior Border of the Sternocleidomastoid Posterior- Superior Border of the Trapezius Inferior- Middle third of the Clavicle Superficial (Roof)- Investing Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia Deep (Floor)- Muscles of the Neck Covered by Prevertebral Fascia

Question 79

External Jugular Vein

Answer 79

The vein in the Superficial Fascia deep to the Platysma Muscle Begins posterior to the Angle of the Mandible and crosses the Superficial surface of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Drains into the Subclavian Vein

Question 80

Retromandibular Vein (Posterior Branch of External Jugular Vein)

Answer 80

Runs beneath the Parotid Gland and then drains into the External Jugular Vein at the same point as the Posterior Auricular Vein Runs right behind the Jaw

Question 81

Posterior Auriclular Vein

Answer 81

Runs posterior to the Ear and then drains into the External Jugular Vein at the same point as the Retromandibular Gland Runs behind the ear

Question 82

Anterior Jugular Vein

Answer 82

In the Superficial Fascia and near the Anterior Midline Begins near the Hyoid Bone and courses inferiorly near the midline to the Suprasternal Region Passes laterally deep to the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle to join the External Jugular Vein in the Root of the Neck

Question 83

Communicating Vein

Answer 83

Along the Anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle | Connects the Common Facial Vein with the Anterior Jugular Vein

Question 84

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Answer 84

Originates on the Sternum and Clavicle Inserts on the Mastoid Process Flexes Neck, Raises Sternum, and Laterally Rotates Head

Question 85

Transverse Cervical Nerve

Answer 85

Passes transversely across the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle and Neck Supplies the skin of the Anterior Triangle of the Neck

Question 86

Greater Auricular Nerve

Answer 86

Crosses the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle parallel to the External Jugular Vein Supplies the skin of the lower part of the ear, the skin over the Parotid Gland, and an area of skin extending from the angle of the mandible to the Mastoid Process

Question 87

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Answer 87

Parallels the Posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle as it passes superiorly Supplies the part of the Scalp that is immediately behind the ear

Question 88

Supraclavicular Nerve

Answer 88

Passes Inferiorly to innervate the skin of the Shoulder | Has Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Branches

Question 89

Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)

Answer 89

Innervates Sternocleidomastroid Muscle Crosses the Posterior Cervical Triangle deep to the investing layer of Deep Cervical Fascia Courses slightly superior to the midpoint of the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle to the superior border of the Trapezius Muscle

Question 90

Nerve Point

Answer 90

Also known as Erb's point A point on the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle where the 4 Superficial branches of the Cervical Plexus (Greater Auricular, Lesser Occipital, Transverse Cervical, and Supraclavicular) emerge from behind the muscle

Question 91

Muscular Triangle

Answer 91

Contents are the Infrahyoid Muscles, Thyroid Gland, and Parathyroid Glands Superolateral Border- Superior Belly of the Omohyoid Muscle Inferolateral Border- Anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Medial Border- Median Plane of the Neck

Question 92

Sternohyoid Muscle

Answer 92

Near the midline of the neck Attaches inferiorly to the Sternum and superiorly to the body of the Hyoid Depresses the Hyoid Bone

Question 93

Omohyoid Muscle (Superior Belly)

Answer 93

Attaches superiorly to the Inferior border of the Hyoid Bone and Inferiorly to the Superior border of the Scapula near the Suprascapular Notch Depresses the Hyoid Bone

Question 94

Sternothyroid

Answer 94

Attaches Inferiorly to the Sternum and Superiorly to the Oblique Line of the Thyroid Cartilage Depresses the Larynx

Question 95

Thyrohyoid

Answer 95

Attaches Inferiorly to the Oblique Line of the Thyroid Cartilage and Superiorly to the Hyoid Bone Elevates the Larynx

Question 96

Thyroid Gland

Answer 96

Right and Left Lobes Located at vertebral levels C5-T1 Laterally the Thyroid Gland is in contact with the Carotid Sheath The Right and Left lobes of the Thyroid Gland are connected by the Isthmus

Question 97

Laryngeal Prominence, Crocoid Cartilage, and Cricothyroid Membrane

Answer 97

Laryngeal Prominence of Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple) is connected to the Hyoid Bone superiorly with Thyrohyoid Membrane and then to the Cricoid Cartilage inferiorly with the Cricothyroid Membrane The Cricoid Cartilage lies directly superior to the 1st Tracheal Ring

Question 98

Submandibular Triangle

Answer 98

Contents are the Submandibular Gland, Facial Artery, Facial Vein, Stylohyoid Muscle, Part of the Hypoglossal Nerve, and Lymph Nodes Superior- Inferior Border (base) of the Mandible Anteroinferior- Anterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle Posteroinferior- Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle Superficial (Roof)- Investing layer of Deep Cervical Fascia Deep (Floor)- Mylohyoid and Hypoglossus Muscles

Question 99

Submandibular Gland

Answer 99

A portion of the gland extends deep to the posterior border of Mylohyoid Muscle The Facial Vein passes Superficial to the Submandibular Gland and the Facial Artery courses deep to it

Question 100

Facial Artery and Vein

Answer 100

The Facial Vein should be posterior to the Facial Artery Both of them run across the Cheek Vein drains into Internal Jugular Vein Artery Receives blood from the External Carotid Branch

Question 101

Digastric

Answer 101

Anterior and Posterior Bellies Anterior Belly attaches to the Digastric Fossa of the Mandible and is innervated by the Mylohyoid Nerve Posterior Belly attaches to the Mastoid Process of the Termporal Bone and is innervated by the Facial Nerve. Bellies attach to each other by an Intermediate Tendon and then attach to the Greater Horn of the Hyoid Bone. Elevates the Hyoid Bone and Depresses the Mandible

Question 102

Stylohyoid Muscle

Answer 102

Goes from Styloid Process to Hyloid Bone Innervated by Facial Nerve Functions to draw the Hyoid bone Backwards and Elevate the Tongue

Question 103

Hypoglossal Nerve

Answer 103

Passes Deep to Posterior Digastric Enters the Submandibular Triangle by passing deep to the Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle Passes deep to the Mylohyoid Muscle within the Submandibular Triangle

Question 104

Mylohyoid Nerve

Answer 104

Anterior Digastric, Branch of Trigem | Alveolar Branch of Mandibular Nerve which is a branch of Trigeminal

Question 105

Mylohyoid Muscle

Answer 105

Mandible to the Hyoid Bone | Elevates the Floor of the Mouth and Tongue and Depresses the Jaw when the Hoid is Fixed

Question 106

Submental Triangle

Answer 106

Unpaired Triangle that crosses the Midline Right and Left Borders- Anterior Bellies of the Right and Left Digastric Muscles Inferior- Hyoid Bone Superficial (Roof)- Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia Deep (Floor)- Mylohyoid Muscle

Question 107

Submental Lymph Nodes

Answer 107

Situated between the Anterior Bellies of the Digastric Muscles They Drain the Central portions of the Lower Lip and Floor of the Mouth and the Apex of the Tongue

Question 108

Isthmus

Answer 108

The connection between the right and left lobe of the Thyroid Gland

Question 109

Inferior Thyroid Vein (Right and Left) at Brachiocephalic

Answer 109

Descends into the Thorax on the Anterior Surface of the Trachea and drains into the Brachiocephalic Veins

Question 110

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 110

Small Glands on the Posterior Lateral surface of the Thyroid Gland They control Calcium in our bodies

Question 111

Carotid Triangle

Answer 111

Contents are the Carotid Arteries, branches of the External Carotid Artery, Part of the Hypoglossal Nerve, and Branches of the Vagus Nerve Inferomedial Border- Superior Belly of Omohyoid Inferolateral- Anterior Border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Superior- Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle

Question 112

Hypoglossal Nerve

Answer 112

Superior to Hyoid A muscular branch of the Occipital Artery crosses superior to the Hypoglossal Nerve Passes medial to the Posterior Belly of the Digastric muecle, Medial to the Stylohyoid Muscle, and Deep to the Mylohyoid Muscle

Question 113

Ansa Cervicalis

Answer 113

Superior Root (Anterior) Inferior Root (Posterior) Innervates 3 of the 4 Infrahyoid Muscles (Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, and Sternothyroid) Superior Root travels with the Hypoglossal Nerve and is mainly composed of nerves from the Anterior Ramus of C1 Inferior Root Passes around the Lateral side of the Carotid Sheath to join the Superior Root and Forms and Loop

Question 114

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Answer 114

External and Internal Branches Join to form this

Question 115

Common Carotid Artery

Answer 115

In the Carotid Sheath | Runs up along the Lateral side of the neck until it splits into the Internal and External Carotid Arteries

Question 116

Internal Carotid Artery

Answer 116

In the Carotid Sheath | Just runs up behind the ear after the Bifurcation

Question 117

External Carotid Artery

Answer 117

Runs superiorly unit it passes on the Medial side of (Deep to) the Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle

Question 118

Superior Thyroid Artery

Answer 118

Arises from the External Carotid Artery | Descends to the Superior Pole of the Lobe of the Thyroid Gland

Question 119

Lingual Artery

Answer 119

Arises from the Anterior Surface of the External Carotid Artery near the Level of the Greater Horn of the Hyoid Bone Passes deeply into the muscles of the Tongue

Question 120

Occipital Artery

Answer 120

Arises from the Posterior surface of the External Carotid Artery and Supplies part of the Scalp

Question 121

Posterior Auricular Artery

Answer 121

Arises from the Posterior surface of the External Carotid Artery and passes Posterior to the Ear to supply part of the Scalp

Question 122

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

Answer 122

Branch of the External Carotid Artery | Branches off close to the Bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery

Question 123

Carotid Sinus

Answer 123

"Name this Swelling/Swollen Area" | It is a swelled area just superior to the Bifurcaiton of the Common Carotid Artery

Question 124

Carotid Body

Answer 124

It's a small mass of Tissues that lies right at the Bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery into the Internal and External

Question 125

Internal Jugular Vein

Answer 125

Lies in the Carotid Sheath

Question 126

Superior and Middle Thyroid Veins

Answer 126

Tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein | They drain the Thyroid (one is Superior and the other is in the Middle)

Question 127

Vagus Nerve

Answer 127

It's in the Carotid Sheath | Lies between and Posterior to the Vessels

Question 128

Parotid Duct

Answer 128

Crosses the Lateral surface of the Masseter Muscle about 2 cm inferior to the Zygomatic Arch Pierces the Buccinator Muscle of the cheek and drains into the Oral Vestibule to the Second Maxillary Molar Tooth

Question 129

Parotid Gland

Answer 129

Enclosed within the Parotid Sheath Continuous with the Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia Lies in between the Cheek and the Lower portion of the Ear

Question 130

Inferior Labial Artery

Answer 130

Branch off of the Facial Artery | Goes towards the Midline of the Face, Inferior to the Lower Lip

Question 131

Superial Labial Artery

Answer 131

Branch off of the Facial Artery | Goes towards the Midline of the Face, Superior to the Upper Lip

Question 132

``` Facial Nerve (CN VII) Temporal Branch Zygomatic Branch Buccal Branches Mandibular Branch Cervical Branch ```

Answer 132

Temporal Branch- Crosses the Zygomatic Arch Zygomatic Branch- Crosses the Zygomatic Bone Buccal Branches- Cross the Superficial surface of the Masseter Muscle Mandibular Branch- Parallels the Inferior margin of the Mandible Cervical Branch- Crosses the angle of the Mandible to enter the Neck

Question 133

Superficial Temporal Vein and Artery

Answer 133

Both pass deep to the Parotid Gland and run along the Anterior side of the Ear Comes from External Carotid Drains into External Jugular

Question 134

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

Answer 134

Three branches of the Trigeminal Nerve supply Sensory Innvervation to the Face

Question 135

Supraorbital Nerve

Answer 135

Ophthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve | Reaches the Skin above the Eye

Question 136

Infraorbital Nerve

Answer 136

Maxillary Divison of the Trigeminal Nerve | Supplies the sensory Innervation to the Inferior Eyelid, side of the Nose, and Upper Lip

Question 137

Mental Nerve

Answer 137

Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve | Supplies Sensory Innervation to the Lower Lip and Chin

Question 138

Auriculotemporal Nerve

Answer 138

Follows Superior Temporal Vessels Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve Innervates the Skin of the Anterior side of the Ear and Temporal Region

Question 139

Masseter Muscle

Answer 139

The masseter consists of two parts: a Superficial and Deep muscle Originates from the Zygomatic Arch and Maxilla and Inserts along the lateral surface of the coronoid process of the mandible

Question 140

Levator Labii Superioris

Answer 140

Has a superior attachment to the Maxilla just below the orbital Margin and an Inferior attachment to the upper lip Elevates the Upper lip

Question 141

Zygomatic Major

Answer 141

Has a Lateral attachment to the Zygomatic Bone and a Medial attachment to the Angle of the Mouth Draws the Angle of the Mouth Superiorly and Posteriorly (Helps smile) Zygomatic Minor lies medial to the Major

Question 142

Depressor Anguli Oris

Answer 142

Inferior attachment to the mandible and superior attachment to the corner of the Mouth Depresses the Angle of the Mouth (Frown)

Question 143

Depressor Labii Inferioris

Answer 143

Chin to Lower Lip Lateral sides of the Mental Muscles Depresses Lower Lip

Question 144

Obicularis Oris

Answer 144

Passes both superior and inferior to the Oral Opening | The sphincter of the Mouth (The Kissing Muscle)

Question 145

Scrotum

Answer 145

An outpouching of the Anterior Wall | Ball Sack

Question 146

Scrotal Ligament

Answer 146

Attaches Testes to Scrotum | A band of tissue that anchors the Inferior Pole of the Testis to the Scrotum

Question 147

Scrotal Septum

Answer 147

Divides the Scrotum into two compartments

Question 148

Spermatic Cord

Answer 148

Runs in the Inguinal Canal and comes out the Superior Inguinal Ring Contains the Ductus Deferens, Testicular Artery, and Testicular Veins

Question 149

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Answer 149

Runs in the Spermatic Cord in and eventually meets up with the tail of the Epididymis

Question 150

Location of Cremaster Muscle

Answer 150

Derived from the Internal Oblique Muscle | Runs in the Inguinal Canal and passes through the Superficial Inguinal Ring

Question 151

Pampiniform Plexus of Veins (Testicular Veins)

Answer 151

Veins running from the Testes through the Spermatic Cord back out for drainage

Question 152

Testicular Artery

Answer 152

The artery that runs in the Spermatic Cord to the Testes

Question 153

Testes

Answer 153

The testicles in the Scrotum

Question 154

Tunica Vaginalis

Answer 154

A serous sac that is derived from the parietal peritoneum | has a visceral and Parietal Layer

Question 155

Epididymis

Answer 155

Where sperm "Learn to Swim" Head, Body, Tail The Ductus Deferens eventually joins with the Epididymis at the Tail

Question 156

Seminiferous Tubule

Answer 156

The Septa divide the Testis into Lobules and the Seminiferous Tubules are part of the Lobules

Question 157

Tunica Albuginea

Answer 157

The Fibrous Capsule of the Testes

Question 158

Penis

Answer 158

The Shaft

Question 159

Bucks Fascia

Answer 159

Deep Fascia of the Penis that is an investing fascia

Question 160

Corpus Cavernosa | Tunica Alugeninea of Corpus Cavernosa

Answer 160

There are two in the Penis | They each contain a Deep Artery of the Penis and are divided by the Septum of the Penis

Question 161

Corpus Spongeosum | Tunica Alugeninea of Corpus Spongiosum

Answer 161

This part of the Penis runs along the Underside of the Shaft and contains the Spongy Urethra

Question 162

Urethra Prostatic Membranous Spongy

Answer 162

The Pee tube from the Bladder The Prostatic is the portion in the Prostate The Membranous is the portion between the Prostate and the Penis The Spongy is the potion in the Corpus Sponguosum in the Penis

Question 163

Glans/Prepuce

Answer 163

The distal expansion of the Corpus Spongiosum and it caps the two Corpora Cavernosa Penis The Spongy Urethra Terminates by passing through the Glans Just the Tip

Question 164

Bladder

Answer 164

Lies Superior to the Prostate

Question 165

Rectovesical Pouch

Answer 165

The Peritoneum that passes inferiorly between the Urinary Bladder and the Rectum

Question 166

Prostate

Answer 166

In between the Bladder and the Penis containing the Urethra

Question 167

Ejaculatory Duct | May be visible only on Model

Answer 167

A duct passing through the Prostate and meets up with the Urethra Union of Ductus Deferens and Seminal Vesical

Question 168

Anal Canal

Answer 168

Passes out of the Pelvic Cavity and enters the Anal Triangle

Question 169

Anal Columns (Page 142)

Answer 169

5-10 Longitudinal Ridges of Mucosa in the Proximal part of the Anal Canal Contain Branches of Superior Rectal Artery and Vein

Question 170

External and Internal Anal Sphincter

Answer 170

Surrounds the Anal Canal | The Longitudinal Muscle of the Anal Canal separates the two Sphincter Muscles

Question 171

Mons pubis

Answer 171

The Rounded mass of Fatty Tissue lying over the joint of the Pubic Bones

Question 172

Glans of Clitoris

Answer 172

I think it's essentially the Dot of the Clitoris... Potentially the Shaft?

Question 173

Prepuce of Clitoris

Answer 173

May be the "Hood" or covering over the Glans

Question 174

External Urethral Orifice

Answer 174

Lies between the Clitoris and the Vaginal Orifice | The connection between the Bladder/Urethra and the Outside World

Question 175

Labium Majus (Majora)

Answer 175

The skin around

Question 176

Labium Minus (Minora)

Answer 176

The Inner Skin

Question 177

Vesicouterine Pouch

Answer 177

The Peritoneum between the Urinary Bladder and the Uterus

Question 178

Rectouterine Pouch

Answer 178

The Peritoneum between the Uterus and Rectum

Question 179

Broad Ligament | Mesosalpinx

Answer 179

Formed by two layers of Peritoneum that extend from the Lateral side of the Uterus to the Lateral Pelvic Wall Has 3 Parts: Mesosalpinx- Supports the Uterine Tube Mesovarium- Attaches the Ovary to the Posterior aspect of the Broad Ligament Mesometrium- The part of the Broad Ligament that is below the attachment of the Mesovarium

Question 180

Uterine Tube (Fallopian) Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbria

Answer 180

Contained within the Superior Margin of the Broad Ligament Isthmus- Narrow, Medial one third of the Uterine Tube Ampulla- Widest and Longest part of the Uterine Tube Infundibulum- Funnel-like end of the Uterine Tube Fimbriae- Multiple Processes that surround the Distal margin of the Infundibulum

Question 181

Ovarian Ligament

Answer 181

A Fibrous Ligament that connects the Ovary to the Lateral Surface of the Uterus

Question 182

Round Ligament

Answer 182

Comes from the Inguinal Canal | Ends in Labium Majus

Question 183

Ovary + Artery and Vein within Suspensory Ligament

Answer 183

Suspensory Ligament extends from the Ovary to the Lateral Abdominal Wall Function is to contain the Ovarian Vessels and Nerves

Question 184

Vagina

Answer 184

The middle hole

Question 185

Vaginal Fornix

Answer 185

The point where the Vagina transitions to the Uterus

Question 186

``` Uterus Fundus Body Isthmus Cervix Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium ```

Answer 186

Fundus- The rounded part of the body that lies Superior to the attachments of the Uterine Tubes Body- Part of the Uterus between the Fundus and Cervix Isthmus- The Narrowed Portion of the Body that is Superior to the Cervix Cervix- The Thick-Walled portion of the Uterus that protrudes into the Vaginal Canal Endometrium- Uterine Mucosa- The inside lining of the Uterus Myometrium- The Thick Muscular wall of the Uterus Perimetrium- The Peritoneal covering on the Surface of the Uterus

Question 187

Urinary Bladder (Model Only)

Answer 187

Know where it is

Question 188

Detrusor Muscle

Answer 188

Bundles of Smooth Muscle lining the wall of the Urinary Bladder

Question 189

Anal Valve

Answer 189

Semilunar folds of Mucosa that Unite the distal ends of the Anal Columns.

Question 190

Occipitofrontalis Muscle (Frontalis Muscle)

Answer 190

The Muscle on the Forehead | Raises Eyebrows

Question 191

Epicranial Aponeurosis

Answer 191

The Connective tissue that goes from the Forehead to the back of the Head

Question 192

Temporalis Muscle

Answer 192

Muscle on the Side of the Head

Question 193

Outer/Inner Lamina

Answer 193

The White portion on either side of the Skull

Question 194

Diploe

Answer 194

The Spongy Bone of the Skull Bone

Question 195

Lobes of the Brain

Answer 195

Frontal Lobe- The Front half Parietal Lobe- Middle Top Part Occipital Lobe- The Back portion Temporal Lobe- The Bottom Middle Part

Question 196

Brain Stem

Answer 196

The Cord coming out of the Bottom of the Brain Pons- The Walnut in the Brain Stem Medulla Oblongota- The continuation of the Spinal Cord within the skull, forming the Lowest part of the Brain Stem

Question 197

Meninx (Singular of Meninges)

Answer 197

Dura Mater- Periosteal Layer and Meningeal Arachnoid Mater- Subarachnoid is filled with Cerebral Sinal Fluid in Life Pia Mater- On Surface of the Brain

Question 198

Middle Meningeal Artery

Answer 198

Branches that supply the Meninges | Along the Side of the Head

Question 199

Bridging Veins

Answer 199

Drain into Superior Sagittal Sinus | Pass from the surface of the Brain into the Superior Sagittal Sinus along its Lateral Sides

Question 200

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Answer 200

Small hole at the back of the Skull

Question 201

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Answer 201

Can't see it because it's further into the brain

Question 202

Straight Sinus

Answer 202

Anterior to the Superior Sagittal Sinus and goes Straight towards the Top

Question 203

Transverse Sinus

Answer 203

The Blue part running around the Back part of the Skull

Question 204

Sigmoid Sinus

Answer 204

Down at the bottom running around the Groove

Question 205

Cerebral Falx

Answer 205

The Fascia Layer dividing the two Halves of the Brain

Question 206

Cerebellar Tentorium

Answer 206

The part laying around the Transverse sinuses

Question 207

Cerebellar Falx

Answer 207

The Fascia part dividing the Cerebellum into two halves

Question 208

Cranial Nerve

Answer 208

Olfactory- Little Nerve coursing straight into the Frontal Lobe Optic- The X in the Middle Trigeminal- On the Sides of the Pons

Question 209

Superior and Inferior Extensor Retinaculum

Answer 209

Superior Lies over the Top where ankle socks would be | Inferior is Y-Shaped and further down on the Foot

Question 210

Flexor Retinalculum

Answer 210

Medial Side of the Ankle

Question 211

Plantar Aponeurosis

Answer 211

Fascia Covering the bottom of the Foot

Question 212

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Answer 212

Flexor Muscles on the Bottom of the Feet under the Plantar Aponeurosis

Question 213

Abductor Hallicus

Answer 213

Inserts medial side of Great Toe, of the Medial Side of the Foot

Question 214

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Answer 214

Inserts Lateral Side of the Small Toe, of the Lateral Side of the Foot