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Anatomy > Exam 3- Thoracic Cavity > Flashcards

Exam 3- Thoracic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Wall

A

Thoracic cage and skin, Fascia, and Muscles

The Cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, 12 Thoracic Vertebrae and IV discs, and Sternum

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2
Q

Diaphragm

A

The prime mover of respiration and the accessory muscles of respiration
Quiet Respiration prime mover
Innervated by a pair of Phrenic Nerves
Blood Supply from the Inferior Phrenic Artery

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3
Q

Ribs 1, 2, 11, 12

A

These are atypical ribs (Ribs 3-10 are normal)

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4
Q

Costochondral, Sternocostal, Costovertebral, and Costotransverse Joints

A

These are all somewhat mobile except for the first rib, which isn’t mobile at all

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5
Q

Superior Thoracic Aperture

A

The opening at the top of the Thoracic Cage surround by the 1st Ribs, Manubrium, and T1

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6
Q

Inferior Thoracic Aperture

A

The opening at the bottom of the Thoracic Cage surrounded by T12, Costal Cartilages 7-10, 11th and 12th pairs of Ribs, and the Xiphisternal Joint
Closed by the Muscular Diaphragm

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7
Q

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

A

Serratus Posterior Superior (proprioception), Serratus Posterior Inferior (proprioception), Levator Costarum (elevates ribs), Transcersus Thoracis (depresses ribs), Subcostal (elevates ribs), Intercostal Muscles (forced respiration and support), and Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenes (forced respiration)

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8
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Subdivided into 3 cavities by pleural membranes (right and left pulmonary and central mediastinum)

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9
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A

Accessory: Sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternum), Anterior Scalenes, Middle Scalenes, and Posterior Scalenes (elevate and fix upper ribs)
Principal: External Intercostals (elevate ribs), Interchondral part of internal intercostal (elevate ribs), and Diaphragm (increase cavity and elevates ribs

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10
Q

Muscles of Expiration

A

Quiet Breathing: Results from passive recoil of lungs and rib cage
Active Breathing: Internal intercostals and Abdominals (depress lower ribs and push the diaphragm up): Rectus Abdominis, External Obliques, Internal Obliques, and Transversus Abdominis

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11
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Creates cohesion which is essential for lung inflation and lubrication which is essential for lung movements during respiration
Produced by Serous Membranes (Pleura)

If air enters the Pleural Cavity (pneumothorax), the lung will collapse due to elasticity of its tissue
Excess Fluid (serous fluid or blood from trauma) may accumulate in the Plueral Cavity and Compress the lungs.
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12
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Covers Lung
Provides surface cohesion
Insensitive to pain

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13
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Covers wall of Thorax
4 parts: Cervical (covers apex of lung and extends into the root of the neck), Diaphragmatic (covers the superior surface of the diaphragm), Costal (covers posteriolateral and anteriolateral surfaces), and Mediastinal (covers lateral mediastinum)

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14
Q

Recesses

A

These are gaps between the lung and the parietal pleura to permit expansion
It makes provision to allow expansion of the lung in full inspiration.
It is the most dependent part of the pleural sac; if fluid appears in the pleural sac; it collects first in the costodiaphargmatic recess

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15
Q

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

A

Inferior Margin of the thoracic wall

Location of fluid collection

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16
Q

Costomediastinal Recess

A

Potential space between costal pleura and mediastinal pleura

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17
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

The process of draining fluid from the lungs
Insert a hypodermic needle through and intercostal space into the pleural cavity to remove blood or pus
Insert superior to the 9th rib in the 9th intercostal space, high enough to avoid the collateral branches and the inferior border of the lung

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18
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Pressure entering the thoracic cavity causing the lung to collapse
Penetrating wound of the parietal pleura
Result is a Collapsed Lung

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19
Q

Lungs

A

Apex- blunt end that extends above 1st rib into the root of the neck covered by cervical pleura
Base- concave surgace resting on the ipsilateral convex dome of the diaphragm
Lobes- 2 or 3 from 2 or 3 fissures
3 Surfaces- Costal, Diaphragmatic, and Mediastinal
3 Borders- Anterior, Inferior, and Posterior
The Lungs main function is an exchange of gas- CO2 Out and Oxygen In
Parasympathetic Innvervation by the Vagus Nerve

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20
Q

Hilum

A

This is where everything enters and leaves the lungs

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21
Q

Branchopulmonary Segments

A

The lungs are divided into 10 functional segments-Bronchopulmonary Segments

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22
Q

Rings in Trachea

A

They exist to prevent collapse

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23
Q

Divisions of Trachea

A

Trachea–>Primary Branch–>Secondary Branch–>Tertiary Bronchioles–>Conducting Bronchioles–>Terminal Bronchioles–>Respiratory Bronchioles–>Alveolar Ducts–>Alveolus

Things are more likely to be clogged in the Right Bronchus because it shoots down while the Left bronchus shoots left

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24
Q

Bronchopulmonary Arteries

A

The arteries supplying blood to the lungs

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25
Q

Lymphatics of the Lung

A

2 Lymphatic Plexi drain the lung: Superficial Lymphatic Plexus (deep to visceral pleura drains tissue into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in the hilum) and Deep Lymphatic Plexus (in lining of bronchi drains root of lung)
Both drain into the Thoracic Duct

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26
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

A

Innervates the Lungs and the Visceral Pleura
Things Vagus Nerve (CN X) does: Vasodilate, Bronchoconstrict, Stimulate gland secretion, Reflexive Receptors (cough, Hering-Breuer, pressoreceptor and chemoreceptors) or Nociceptive (pain)

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27
Q

Asthma Inhalers

A

They are sympathetics and act on these receptors to relieve symptoms

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28
Q

Lobes locations

A

Inferior Lobe is mostly the back
Middle Lobe is just a small portion of the front
Superior Lobe is mostly the front

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29
Q

Horizontal Fissure

A

Follows the Fourth rib

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30
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

Starts from the Horizontal Fissure, crosses the 5th rib and terminates at the 6th rib

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31
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

This acts as an Anchor

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32
Q

Divisions of Mediastinum

A

Anterior Mediastinum
Inferior Mediastinum: Middle (Contains heart and pericardium and great vessels), Posterior (Contains esophagus and vessels), and Superior (Contains vessels, thymus, and trachea)

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33
Q

Pericardium

A

Inelastic tough sac that covers heart and beginnings of vessels
Prevents heart from overinflating leading to mechanical failure
2 Layers: Fibrous Pericardium (external, continues with vessels, and is the toughest part and Serous Pericardium (2 Layers- Parietal: lines inner surface of fibrous. Visceral: adheres to the heart)
Produces Serous Fluid for lubrication
Pericardiacophrenic Artery supplies blood to the Pericardium and comes from Internal Thoracic Artery
Coronary Artery supplies blood to the Visceral Layer of the Pericardium
Phrenic Nerves are the Sensory Nerves for the Pericardium

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34
Q

Cardiac Tamponade and Pericardiocentesis

A

Excess Fluid in the Pericardial Space
From Trauma, Infection, Cancer, or Autoimmune problems
Pericardiocentesis is the process of draining the fluid (needle is placed at 5th/6th intercostal)

A procedure that uses a needle to remove fluid from the pericardial sac. This is the tissue that surrounds the heart.

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35
Q

Atria

A

Receiving chambers of blood

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36
Q

Ventricles

A

Pumping chambers of blood

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37
Q

Diastole

A

Filling of the Ventricles of the Heart

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38
Q

Systole

A

Forceful contraction and emptying of the Heart

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39
Q

Walls of the Heart

A

Epicardium (aka Visceral Pericardium)
Myocardium (Double Helical bands of cardiac muscle)
Endocardium (Covers valves, enourages smooth blood flow, and prevents clots)

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40
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Possibly the most important Artery in the Heart
Branches: SA Nodal Artery (SA Node), Right Marginal Branch (Right Border of the Heart), AV Nodal Branch (AV Node), and Right Interventricular Artery (Invterventricular Septum)
**Supplies R Atrium, most of R Vent, Diaphragmatic part of L Vent, IV Septum and usually AV (80%) and SA Nodes (60%)

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41
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Branches: Anterior Interventriucular Branch (LAD) (Left Ventricle and Interventricular Spetum), Circumflex Branch, and Left Marginal Artery (Left Border of the Heart)
Supplies L Atrium, most of L Vent, most of IV Septum, and AV Node (20%) and SA Node (40%)

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42
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

In Coronary Sulcus
Drains blood into the Right Atrium from: Great Cardiac Vein (in Anterior Interventricular Sulcus), Middle Cardiac Vein (in Posterior Interventricular Sulcus), and Small Cardiac Vein (wraps around in Coronary Sulcus)

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43
Q

Arterior Veins

A

Originate on the Anterior surface of the Right Ventricle, course over the Coronary Sulcus, and drain straight into the Right Atrium

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44
Q

Widowmaker

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery (Anterior Interventricular Artery)

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45
Q

Auricle

A

Ear- It’s a projection of extra capacity

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46
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

Remnant of Foramen Ovalis, which bypasses the Lungs in the a Fetus

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47
Q

Valves

A

The valves prevent the backward flow of blood
The backflow of the blood is responsible for the heart sounds
The cusps are attached to Cordae Tendonae which is attached to a Papillary Muscle that helps with the opening and closing of the valves

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48
Q

Right AV Valve

A

Tricuspid Valve- 3 Cusps

49
Q

Trabecula Carnae

A

The rough border of the inside of the Ventricles

50
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

Smooth Cone

Helps with a smooth outflow through the Pulmonary Trunk

51
Q

Crista Terminalis

A

Conductive Ridge of muscle important for contractility

52
Q

Ventricular Walls

A

The Left Ventricular Walls are about 2-3x thicker than the Right Ventricular Walls

53
Q

Prolapse

A

A slipping forward or down of one of the parts or organs of the body
Chordae Tendonae and Nodules of Semilunar Valves prevent prolapse

54
Q

Fibrous Skelton

A

Framework of Dense Collagen
4 Rings that surround and anchor the 4 Major Valves (Right AV Valve, Left AV Valve, Pulmonary Valve, and Aortic Semilunar Valve)
Prevent overexpansion of Valve
Provides attachment of leaflets, cusps, and Myocardium
Provides an electrical “insulator” so that Atria and Ventricles contract independentlySA Node

55
Q

SA Node

A

Natural Pacemaker- Roughly 70 bpm

56
Q

AV Node

A

Distributes signal through heart skeleton

57
Q

Heart Pressure

A

The pressure goes for 0 to beyond the Aortic Pressure

58
Q

Annurism

A

This is a common defect to the aorta

59
Q

Vagal Nerve

A

Part of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervation of the Heart
Stimulation of the Parasympathetic Vagus Nerves constricts coronary arteries

60
Q

Referred Pain of the Heart

A

Vervical and superior 5 Thoracic Sympathetic Ganglia are sensitive to Ischemia (tissue damage due to lack of Oxygen)
This causes referred pain to the dermatomes of these regions (Chest and along the Left Arm)

61
Q

Parturition

A

Child Birth

62
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Divided into two sections: Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis

Subdivisions of the Abdominal Cavity From Top Left to Bottom Right. 3 per row
Right Hypochondrium, Epigastium, Left Hypochondrium
Right Flank, Umbilical, Left flank (Lumbar)
Right Inguinal, Hypogastrium, Left Inguinal

63
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver: Right Lobe, Gallbladder, Stomach: Pylorus, Duodenum, Pancreas: Head, Right kidney and Suprarenal Gland, Right Colic Flexure, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon

64
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Liver: Left Lobe, Spleen, Stomach, Jejunum and Proximal Ileum, Pancreas, Body and Tail, Left Kidney and Suprarenal Gland, Left Colic Flexure, Transverse Colon, and Descending Colon

65
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Cecum, Appendix, Most of Ileum, Ascending Colon, Right Ovary, Right Uterine Tube, Right Ureter, Right Spermatic Cord, Uterus (If enlarged), and Bladder (If very full)

66
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Signmoid Colon, Descending Colon, Left Ovary, Left Uterine Tube, Left Ureter, Left Spermatic Cord, Uterus (If enlarged), and Bladder (If very full)

67
Q

Transverse Planes

A

Subcostal and Interspinous Planes (Most Common)

Transpyloric and Interspinus Planes

68
Q

Sagittal Planes

A 
Midclavicular Lines (Most Common)
Semilunar Lines
69
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

T9

70
Q

Transpyloric Plane

A

Pylorus, Pancreatic Neck, Duodeno-Jejunal Flexure, and Hila of Kidneys
L1

71
Q

Subcostal Plane

A

L3

72
Q

Umbilicus

A

L3/L4

73
Q

Iliac Crest Plane

A

L4

74
Q

Sacrum

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

ASIS

75
Q

Campers Fascia

A

Superficial Fatty Tissue

Looks like Popcorn

76
Q

Scarpa’s Fascia

A

Deep Membranous
Continuous with Fascia of Perineum (Colle’s Fascia)
Looks like a sheet

77
Q

Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles

A

Functions are to Compress and Support Viscera and to Flex and Rotate the Trunk
The layers of the Anterior Abdominal Wall are:
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Fascia-Camper’s fascia (fatty superficial layer) and Scarpa’s fascia (deep fibrous layer)
Muscle: External oblique abdominal muscle, Internal oblique abdominal muscle, Rectus abdominis, Transverse abdominal muscle, Pyramidalis muscle
Fascia transversalis
Peritoneum

78
Q

Abdominal Vessels

A

The Arteries and Veins are all paired together
Superior Epigastric Branches of Internal Thoracic
Inferior Epigastric and Deep Circumflex branches of the External Iliac
Superficial Circumflex branches from Femoral
Posterior Intercostal and Subcostal Vessels

79
Q

Superior Epigastric Vessels

A

From: Internal Thoracic Artery
Supply: Rectus Abdominis Muscle and Superior Ubilical Regions

80
Q

Inferior Epigastric Vessels

A

From: External Iliac Artery
Supply: Rectus Abdomins Muscle and Inferior Umbilical Regions

81
Q

Superficial Circumflex Iliac Vessels

A

From: Femoral
Supply: Superficial Abdominal Wall of Inguinal Region and Iliac Fossa

82
Q

Superficial Epigastric Vessels

A

From: Femoral
Supply: Superficial Abdominal Wall of Pubic and Inferior Ubilical Regions

83
Q

Thoracoepigastric Vein

A

It’s a direct connection between Femoral Vein and Axillary Vein in the case of clogs or needs to be redirected

84
Q

Lymphatics

A

Horizontal Bar can be palpated more easily due to being more superficial than the deep Vertical Bars

85
Q

Caput Medusae

A

Collateral Venus Return resulting from IVC blockage or patients with Portal Vein Hypertension

86
Q

Ilioinguinal Nerve

A

Cutaneous Field is the area surround the sex organ

87
Q

Iliohypogastric

A

Cutaneous Field is about the area of ASIS and portion that almost looks like a pair of briefs

88
Q

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh

A

Cutaneous Field is the Lateral portion of the thigh

89
Q

Inguinal Ligament

A

Connects ASIS to the Pubic Tubercle
Clinically important site of herniation
Formed by Aponeuroses of the External Oblique

90
Q

Myopectineal Orfice

A

Site of Hernias

91
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Lies superior and parallel to the Inguinal Ligament
From Deep Inguinal Ring to Superficial Inguinal Ring
Spermatic Cord (Males), Round Ligament (Females), and Genitofemoral Nerve passes through this
Ilioinguinal Nerve passes through but does not enter via Deep Inguinal Ring

Same: Ilioinguinal Nerve, Genitofemoral Nerve, Lymphatic Vessels
Different (Women): Round Ligament of Uterus
Different (Men): Spermatic Cord, Ductus (Vas) Deferens, Cremaster Muscle (Internal Oblique)

92
Q

Round Ligament

A

In women the Round Ligament follows the same pattern as the Ductus Deferens (carries sperm)
This anchors the Uterus to the skin

93
Q

Indirect vs. Direct Hernia

A

Indirect is lateral to the Epigastric Vessels and Direct is medial to the Epigastric Vessels

94
Q

Thymus

A

It’s job is to recognize receptors that hold molecules

It gets worse with age (Old people get sick easier)

95
Q

Superior Mediastinum Contents from Superficial to Deep

A

Sternum-> Thymus-> Internal Thoracic Vessels-> Brachiocephalic Veins-> Brachiocephalic Trunk-> Paratracheal Lymph Nodes-> Common Carotid Artery-> Trachea-> Subclavian Artery-> Esophagus-> Thoracic Duct

96
Q

Left and Right Brachiocephalic Veins

A

Left is twice as long as the right as it crosses midline because the tilt causes it to need to travel a longer distance
They unite to create the Superior Vena Cava

97
Q

Arteries compared to Veins

A

Generally Posterior

98
Q

Trachea

A

It is not part of the mediastinum

99
Q

Aortic Annurism

A

Could cause vocal cord injury

100
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

Attaches inferior to Aortic Arch from pulmonary trunk

Remnant of Ductus Arteriosus in the fetus (bypasses lungs)

101
Q

Branches of Aortic Arch

A

Brachiocephalic
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian
Around the areas of 1st rib/clavicle

102
Q

Azygos System

A

On either side of vertebral column
Drains the back, Abdominal walls, medistinal viscera
Azygos, Hemiazygos, Accessory Hemiazygos

103
Q

Splanchnic Nerves

A

3 Splanchnic Nerves: Greater Lesser, and Least

104
Q

RBC path to Esophagus

A

Left Ventricle, Aortic Arch, Thoracic Aorta, Esophageal Aorta

105
Q

Superior Mediastium from Posterior to Anterior

A

Esophageal Plexus then Thoracic Duct

106
Q

Blood supply to Lungs, Trachea, and Esophagus

A

Lungs get their blood supply from the Bronchial Artery and returned via Pulmonary Veins- Comes from Thoracic Aorta
Trachea gets its blood from the Bronchial Artery
Esophagus gets its blood differently in different locations. The cervical portion is supplied by the inferior thyroid artery. The thoracic portion is supplied by bronchial and esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta. The abdominal portion is supplied by ascending branches of the left phrenic and left gastric arteries

107
Q

Psoas Major

A

Origin: Sides of T12-L5 and discs between; Transverse Processes of all Lumbar
Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of Femur
Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint and stabilizes the joint
Nerve: Anterior Rami of Lumbar Nerves (L1, L2, L3)
Blood Supply: Lumbar branches of Iliolumbar Artery

108
Q

Psoas Minor

A

Origin: Sides of T12-L1 and discs
Insertion: Pectineal Line, Iliopectineal Eminence via Iliopectineal Arch
Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint and stabilizes the joint
Nerve: Anterior Rami of Lumbar Nerves (L1, L2)
Blood Supply: Lumbar branches of Iliolumbar Artery

109
Q

Iliacus

A

Origin: Iliac Crest, Iliac Fossa, Ala of Sacrum, and Anterior Sacroiliac Ligaments
Insertion: Tendon of Psoas Major, Lesser Trochanter, and Femur
Action: Flexes thigh at hip joint and stabilizes the joint
Nerve: Femoral Nerve (L2,L3)
Blood Supply: Iliac Branches of Iliolumbar Artery

110
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

Origin: Medial Half of Posterior Iliac Crest and Iliolumbar Ligament
Insertion: Transverse Processes of L1-L4 and Medial half of 12th Rib
Action: Extends the Vertebral Column and also laterally flexes the vertebral column
Nerve: Subcostal Nerve and Ventral Rami of L1-L4
Blood Supply: Lumbar Artery

111
Q

Rectus Sheath

A

The rectus sheath is made up of two parts, known as the posterior sheath and the anterior sheath

112
Q

External Oblique

A

Origin: External Surfaces of Ribs 5-12
Insertion: Linea Alba, Pubic Tubercle, Anterior Half of Iliac Crest
Action: Compresses and Supports Abdominal Viscera, Flexes and Rotates Trunk
Nerve: Ventral Rami of 6 Inferior Thoracic Nerves
Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior Epigastric Arteries

113
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Origin: Thoracolumbar Fascia, Anterior 2/3 of Iliac Crest, Lateral Half of Inguinal Ligament
Insertion: Inferior Borders of Ribs 10-12, Linea Alba, Pubis via Conjoint Tendon
Action: Compresses and Supports Abdominal Viscera, Flexes and Rotates Trunk
Nerve: Ventral Rami of 6 Inferior Thoracic and First Lumbar Nerves
Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior Epigastric and Deep Circumflex Iliac Arteries

114
Q

Transverse Oblique

A

Origin: Internal Surfaces of Costal Cartilages 7-12, Thoracolumbar Fasic, Iliac Crest, Lateral Third of Inguinal Ligament
Insertion: Linea Alba, Pubic Crest, and Pecten Pubis via Conjoint Tendon
Action: Rotation, Flexion, and Lateral Flexion0
Nerve: Ventral Rmai of 6 Inferior Thoracic and First Lumbar Nerves
Blood Supply: Deep Circumflex Iliac and Inferior Epigastric Arteries

115
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Origin: Pubic Symphysis, Pubic Crest
Insertion: Xiphoid Process, Costal Cartilages 5-7
Action: Flexes Trunk, Compresses Abdominal Viscera
Nerve: Ventral Rami of 6 Inferior Thoracic Nerves
Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior Epigastric Arteries

116
Q

Pyramidialis

A 
Origin: Body of Pubis, Anterior to Rectus Abdominis
Insertion: Linea Alba
Action: Tenses Linea Alba
Nerve: Iliohypogastric Nerve
Blood Supply: Inferior Epigastric Artery
117
Q

Great Vessels that enter and leave the heart

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Trunk
Right and Left Pulmonary Veins
Ascending Aorta

118
Q

Drain into Superior Vena Cava

A

Right and Left Brachiocephalic Vein and Azygous Vein

Anatomy (12 decks)

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