Practical class 2 muscles and nerves Flashcards
What are muscles called if they only attach to the trunnk
Axial muscles
What are muscles called if they attach from the trunk to the limb muscles?
Appendicular muscles
What kind of tissue are tendons?
Dense regular connective tissue
What is the name given to the proximal/superior attachment of a muscle?
Origin
What is the name given to the inferior/distal attachment of the muscle?
Insertion (usually the moving end of the muscle)
What is the name given to the type of tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles?
Aponeurosis - flat thin and broad
Which bicep muscle crosses three joints?
Biceps Brachii
Shoulder and elbow and Radioulna joint
What are muscles called that span the medial sagital plane, from one side of the body to the other?
Diaphragm - tendon situated in the centre of the muscle
What is the shape of the deltoid?
Triangular
What is a pair of muscles combining in an antagonistic way to carry out a particular action on a joint called?
An antagonistic pair
What is a synergist?
Muscle that performs the same set of movement as the agonist. Assists the movement of the joint. Stabilize movements and ensure movement falls within a safe range of motion.
What is a fixator?
Stabilises the joint and prevents dislocation.
What compartmentalises muscle?
Deep fascial intermuscular septa
What are the characteristics of each compartment?
Common nerves supplying all the muscles in the compartment, common actions in all the muscles of the compartment.
What supplies the muscles of the upper limb?
The brachial plexus - C5 - T1
What supplies the muscles of the lower limbs?
The lumbosacral plexus - L1 - S4
How many layers of oblique muscles exist on either side of the rectus abdominis?
3
What direction do the fibres face in the three layers of oblique muscles
90 degrees to each other
What does the word rectus mean?
Straight
What is the function of the aponeurosis?
Takes the function of tendons in sheet like muscles.
Why are the anterior muscle of the anterior abdominal wall flat?
Allows organ function
Keeps viscera in the abdominal cavity
Keeps the viscera in the anatomical position against the effects of gravity
What does the word brevis mean?
Short
Define multipennate
When fibres converge like barbs on feathers to several central tendons.
What does the term teres mean?
Rounded
Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm attach?
A 3 leafed central tendon and peripherally to bony structures
What are the features of skeletal muscle?
Striations Multinucleate Peripheral nucleus Oval nucleus Z disks
What are the features of smooth muscle?
Elongated nucleus
No Z disks
Single central nucleus
What are the features of cardiac muscle?
Branched Shorter fibres Intercalated disks Z disks Striated Oval central nucleus
Where is the mixed spinal nerve formed?
In the intervertebral foramen
What does the ventral ramus supply?
Supplies the skin muscles and bone of the anterolateral sides of the trunk as well as the entire upper and lower limbs
What does the dorsal ramus supply?
The posterior side of the trunk only
Where do you find intercostal nerve 7?
Below the rib of the same number
Which 6 intercostal nerves also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
T7-T12
A cutaneous nerve can contain nerve fibres from how many spinal nerves?
Several
What is a dermatome?
A strip of skin supplied by fibres coming from only one single spinal nerve.
What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome T2
The sternal angle
What surface features of the body are found at dermatome T4?
Nipple
What feature of the body marks the dermatome T10?
Umbilicus
What region of the body is the dermatome L1 found?
The skin over the groin
What is meant by a nerve plexus?
Nerves containing mixed fibres from more than one spinal nerve
What is the endoneurium?
A layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre
What is a fasicle?
A bundle of fibres
What is the perineurium?
A protective sheath surrounding the fasicle
What is the epineurium?
Another sheath, which surrounds multiple fasicles, each with their own blood supply and fatty tissue
What is hiltons law?
The nerve supplying the muscle that crosses a joint and act at a joint, also innervate the joint
A sensory nerve supplying the joint also supplies the skin overlying the joint.
What is the endomysium?
A layer of aeriolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre). It contains capillaries and nerves
What is the perimysium?
A sheath of connective tissue that bundles muscle fibres into fasicles
What is the epimycium?
A fibrous tissue envelope that ensheathes the entire muscle and protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones.
