Bones & Joints Flashcards
What parts make up the Sternum?
- Manubrium, triangular bone making up the superior sternum
- Body of the Sternum
- Xiphisternum, (Xiphoid process) process at inferior end of sternum. T6 dermatome.
What joint is involved in the Sternum?
The Sternal angle or sternomanubrial joint.
Joint between the manubrium and sternal body
Located at T4 vertebral level.
What is the mastoid process?
The bony prominance behind the ear
Where do tendons & ligaments attach above the elbow joint?
To the lateral & medial epicondyles of the humerus.
What is the lump of the elbow called?
The olecranon process of the Ulna
Where is the summit of the illiac crest?
The intercristal plane.
What is the sharp prominance at the anterior end of the iliac crest called?
The anterior superior iliac spine
What is the pubic symphysis?
The secondary cartilaginous joint that joins hip bones anteriorly.
What is the bony prominence at the proximal end of the femur called?
The greater trochanter of the femur
What is the patella?
Knee-cap
What is the bony line of the shin called?
The anterior border of the Tibia
What are the medial & lateral malleolus?
Bony prominences at either side of the ankle.
What are the 3 embryonic layers?
The ectoderm,mesoderm & endoderm.
What embryonic layer gives rise to nerve tissue?
The ectoderm
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
Bone, Cartilage & skeletal muscle
From where does skin arise?
The ectoderm (epidermis) and mesoderm (dermis)
From where does smooth muscle arise?
The Mesoderm & ectoderm.
How can hyaline cartilae be recognised?
Not very dense.
How do we recognise trabecular bone?
- Marrow channels (possibly with adipose
droplets) - Bony trabeculae partitions (pink)
How is cortical bone recognised?
- Small dark lancunae
- circular osteons surrounding haversian canals
What does the epithyseal growth plate look like?
Hyaline cartilage (white without magnification)
Where are axial bones?
The long axis of the body/trunk
Where are appendicular bones?
In the limbs (i.e. appended to the axial skeleton)
What do limb girdles do?
They surround & support the proximal ends of the limb
They provide a point of attachment for appendicular boens
What bones make up the lower limb girdles?
The ischium, Illium and Pubis (together they make up the hip bone)
What bones make up the upper limb girdles?
The scapula & clavicle
What is the function of compact bone?
Support, protection & element storage
What is the function of Diploe bone?
To provide flexibility & RBC production (contains red marrow)
What is the function of the marrow cavity?
Fat storage as adipose tissue & blood cell production.
Whats the periosteum?
The connective tissue covering around the outer cortical bone (except at joints)
Whats the function of the periosteum?
It anchors ligaments & muscles.
Contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts for bone turnover
What is the endosteum?
The connective tissue covering lining the medullary cavity
What covers articulated joints?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
What is appositional growth?
Growth is thickness & width of bone by adding new tissue from the periosteum
What is interstitial growth?
Growth in bone lenth by adding tissue at the epithyseal growth plates
What are the 6 types of bone?
FILSSS
- flat
- irregular
- long
- short
- sesamoid
- sutural
What bones are flat?
SKull & rib bones
What boens are irregular?
Vertebrae & mandible
Examles of short bones?
Carple & tarsal bones
Examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella
Function of sesamoid bones?
Diminish friction & alter direction of muscle pull. (therefore usually associated with joints)
Examples of long bones?
Humerus & femur
What are sutural bones?
Small bones within the sutural joints of the skull.
Where are condyles & what is their function?
The distal end of the humerus
They form aticulated joints with other radius & ulna
What makes up the condyle of the humerus?
- A capitellum (process) to form humeroradial joint.
- A trochlea (groove) to form humeroulnar joint.
What is the head of the humerus?
The swelling at the proximal end for the glenohumeral joint
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The constriction relative tot he head of the humerus
What is the humerus’ surgical neck?
Constriction below the tuberosities of the humerus,
What is a tuberosity?
Rough prominences for attaching ligaments & muscles
How do vertebrae connect?
By 4 articular facets forming synovial plane joints
What is the transverse process of the vertebrae?
Bony tissue laid down around pre-existing nerves & blood vessels to form a bony foramen.
What is contained in the lateral angle of the scapula?
The glenoid fossa (shallow depression)
What are foramina?
Tiny holes in bone that channel blood vessels & nerves.
What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of skul, face, jaw & clavicle centre
What bones are formed by endochondral ossification?
Forms most body bones (notably long bones)
Name the 6 synovial joints:
Condylar Plane Pivot Ball & socket hinge Saddle (PPBCHS)
Example of plane joints?
Acromioclavicular
Vertebral facets
Example of hinge joints?
Elbows & Knees and interphalangeal
Example of pivot joints?
Both radioulnar joints and C1-C2
Example of saddle joints?
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Example of ball & socket joints?
Shoulder/hips
Examples of condylar joints?
(ellipsoid) such as wrist,
metacarpophalangeal joints,
2-5th carpometacarpal joints
C1-skull (atlantooccipital)
Function of condylar joints?
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction.
What do all synovial joints contain?
An outer fibrous capsule
An inner synovial membrane
A synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid
Articular Cartilage
What other structures can synovial joints contain?
- Bursae, fluid filled sacs
- Ligaments
- Synovial discs
What are fibrous joints?
Joints made from fibrous connective tissue
Allow sligt movement in chidhood
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses
Only uses hyaline cartilage
Epytheseal growth plate & 1st sternocostal joint
What are secondary cartilaginous joints?
Symphyses
Uses hylaine & fibrous cartilage
Always found in midline
What is anatomical variation?
Deviations within the range of whats normal
What is an anatomical anomaly?
A deviation outside what is considered the normal range
What is the joint of the teeth called?
The gumphosis. (Dental Alveolar joint)
What are the 5 main arteries of the upper arm? (in descending order) and their locations
Subclavian (under the clavicle) Axillary (across scapula & glenohumeral joint) Brachial (humerus) Radial (radius) Ulnar (Ulna)
Which is which fibia/tibula?
Fibia is small, lateral
Tibia is large, medial, anterior border is the shin
What joint involves the xiphisternum & where it is?
The xiphisternal joint
Xiphisternum and Sternum body
T9
Wheres the epyphyses?
The ends of longs bones after the epytheseal growth plate
Wheres the metaphysis?
The secion of a long bone between epyphesis & Diaphysis, containing the epythseal growth plate
wheres the diaphysis?
Shaft of a long bone, containing medullary cavity
What is the heel bone called?
Calcaneous
What are the nuckles called?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What type of joint are knuckles?
Condyler
What is joint called in the palm between carpal & metacarpal?
Carpometacarpal joint
Whats the carpometacarpal joint?
1st (thumb) is saddle
2nd-5th (fingers) are condyler
What are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge synovial
How does the humeral condyle feel?
Smooth
How do you tell a Radius?
Weird little circular bit on the end
How can you tell an ulna?
Spoonlike motherfucker
What is the notch at the proximal end o the ulna?
- Radial Notch
- For The head of the radius
What is the process of the Axis called?
Odontoid Process
What kind of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot Joint
What kind of the joint is the aTlantooccipital joint
Condyler
