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Veterinary Pharmacology > Practical Calculations > Flashcards

Practical Calculations Flashcards

1
Q

AD
AS
AU

A

Right ear
Left ear
Both ears, each ear

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2
Q

ad lib

A

As much as desired

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3
Q

gt
gtt

A

Drop
Drops

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4
Q

mEq

A

milliequivalent

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5
Q

OD
OS
OU

A

Right eye
Left eye
Both eye, each eye

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6
Q

3 systems of measurement

A
  1. Metric
  2. Apothecary
  3. Household
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7
Q

Fundamental units of measurement in the metric system (weight, volume, length)

A

Gram
Liter
Meter

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8
Q

Units of measure for the biological sciences
Metric System

A

Base (gram, liter, meter) 1
Kilo 1000
Deci 1/10
Centi 1/100
Milli 1/1000
Micro 1/1,000,000
Nano 1/1,000,000,000
Pico 1/1,000,000,000,000

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9
Q

Convert 3000 mg to grams

A

3000 mg
3000 mg x 1 g
1000 mg
Cancel the mg
1 / 1000 = 0.001
0.001 x 3000 = 3

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10
Q

Stair step method - converting metric units

A

Divide by 10 each step up (move decimal one place to the left)
Multiply by 10 each step down (move decimal one place to the right)

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11
Q

Apothecary System

A

Minim italics m or min
Dram italics dr
Ounce italics oz
Grain italics gr

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12
Q

minim =

A

1 drop
Always expressed as a whole number

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13
Q

1 fluid dram =

A

4 ml

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14
Q

1 oz =

A

30 ml

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15
Q

1 grain =

A

64.8 (65) mg

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16
Q

Household system

A

Drop / gtt
Tablespoon / tbsp
Teaspoon / tsp

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17
Q

1 Tbsp =

A

15 ml

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18
Q

1 tsp =

A

5 ml

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19
Q

1 oz =

A

30 ml

20
Q

Solvent

A

Solution capable of dissolving other substances

21
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in a liquid (solution)

22
Q

Miscible / immiscible

A

Substances that form solutions /
Those that do not

23
Q

Saturated

A

Containing the maximum amount of solute at a particular temperature and pressure

24
Q

Suspension

A

Mixes of substances in which the solute is made up of very large particles

25
Q

The strength of a mixture is expressed as a parts ratio or

A

Ratio concentration

26
Q

A 1:32 dilution means

A

1 part drug to 31 parts solvent to make 32 parts total

27
Q

Parts per million (ppm) =

A

1 mg of a solute in a kg or liter of solvent
Or
1 mcg of solute in a gram or ml

28
Q

Parts per billion (ppb)

A

1 mcg in a kg or liter
1 nanogram in a gram or ml

29
Q

1:32 as a percent concentration

A

1:32 = Y:100

1 = Y
32 100

32Y = 100
32 32

Y = 3.1%

30
Q

How can concentrations be expressed

A

Parts ratio
Liquids - rate per volume
Liquids - volume per volume
Solids - weight per weight

31
Q

Percent concentration

A

Parts of a solute per 100 parts of the solution
Percent w/v = grams of solute in 100 ml solution
Percent w/w = grams of solute in 100 g of diluent
Percent v/v = ml of solute in 100 ml solution

32
Q

Convert a % solution to mg/ml
5% Lasix solution = x mg/ml

A

Multiply the % x 10
50 mg/ml

33
Q

Convert a solution in mg/ml to a %
50 mg/ml lasix = x%

A

Divide the mg/ml by 10
50 / 10 = 5%

34
Q

Mg% meaning

A

Number of mg in 100 ml of solution
Or
mg per deciliter (100 ml)

35
Q

100% solution (w/w) =

5% solution =

A

100 g solute in 100 g solvent

5 g in 100 g solution
5 g + 95 g

36
Q

100% solution v/v =

10% solution =

A

Pure drug/chemical

10 ml chemical in 100 ml solution

37
Q

Diluting up aka

A

qs or quantity sufficient

38
Q

How many grams of sodium chloride are needed to make 1 L of 0.9% sodium chloride?

A

Total volume of final drug solution x concentration = amount

grams needed = 0.9 x 1000 ml
100
9 grams

39
Q

What percentage is a solution that contains 9 g of sodium chloride?

A

Percent solution = grams of solute x 100
Volume of solution
9 x 100 = 900
1000 1000 0.9%

40
Q

What formula would be used to change the concentration (dilute) a solution?

A

V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
What you have on hand = what you want to make

V1 volume of stock solution/amount to use to prepare new volume
C1 original concentration of stock solution
V2 desired final volume
C2 desired final concentration

41
Q

How would you prepare 100 ml of a 5% dextrose solution from a 50% dextrose solution?

A

V1 x 50% = 100 ml x 5%
V1 x 50 = 500 ml
V1 = 10 ml

42
Q

When would you use milliequivalents?

A

When electrolytes are involved

43
Q

An equivalent weight =

A

1 g molecular weight divided by the total positive valence of the material in question.

44
Q

The concentration of an electrolyte solution is expressed as

A

mEq/L

45
Q

Standard drip set vs micro drip. How many drops/ml?

A

15
60

46
Q

Formula to calculate fluid drip rates

A

Volume of infusion (ml) x drop factor (gtt/ml)
Time of infusion (min)
= drops per min

47
Q

CRI

A

Constant rate infusions

Veterinary Pharmacology (4 decks)

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