General Pharmacology Flashcards
Indications
Reason for using drugs
Contraindications
Reason for not using drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions
Pharmacokinetics
What happens to drugs once they enter the body.
A complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is given.
Pharmacodynamics
How drugs exert their effects
Toxicity
How adverse drug reactions manifest themselves
VCPR
Veterinarian-client-patient relationship
Alkaloids
Usually end in -ine
Atropine
Caffeine
Nicotine
Glycosides
Usually end in -in
Digoxin
Digitoxin
Regimen
Plan for administering drugs
Route
Dose
Frequency
Duration
Valid VCPR
Vet assumes responsibility for clinical judgements and client agrees to follow instructions.
Vet has sufficient knowledge of animal to give diagnosis. Must have seen animal recently.
Must be available for follow up.
Distribution equilibrium
Aka steady state
The point at which drug accumulation equals drug elimination.
5 primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug.
Rate of drug absorption
Amount of drug absorbed
Distribution of drug throughout body
Drug metabolism and bio transformation
Rate and route of excretion
5 factors that influence route of drug administration
Available pharmaceutic form of drug
Physical or chemical properties of the drug
How quickly onset of action should occur
Use of restraint or behavior of the patient
Nature of condition being treated
Depot preparation
Injectable drug placed in a substance that delays absorption
Bioavailability
Degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation
8 factors that may affect the absorption process
Mechanism of absorption
PH and ionization status of drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply to area
Solubility of drug
Dosage form
Status of GI tract
Interaction with other medications
Best described drug transporter
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) produced by MDR1 gene
Usual mechanism for absorption of electrolytes
Active transport
Partition coefficient
Degree of lipid solubility
High partition coefficient indicates enhanced drug absorption.
First pass effect
Substances are absorbed from GI tract into portal venous system. In liver before general circulation. If metabolized in the liver it can become inactivated/less active.
Metabolism aka
Biotransformation
Body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form that was administered to the form that can be eliminated from the body
Metabolite
A drug thats been biotransformed
4 chemical reactions induced by microsomal liver enzymes
Phase I
Oxidation - loss of electrons
Reduction - gain of electrons
Hydrolysis - splitting of drug molecule, addition of water to each split part
Phase II
Conjugation - addition of glucuronic acid/similar compounds to drug molecule. Becomes much more water soluble.
Pharmacodynamics
Study of mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body.
Affinity
Tendency of drug to combine with receptor
Agonist
Drug with high level of affinity and efficacy causes a specific action
Partial agonist
Less affinity and efficacy
Antagonist
Drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor
Potency
Amount of a drug needed to produce desired response.
Efficacy
Degree to which drug produces desired response in patient
Therapeutic index
Relationship between drug’s desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects. LD50 / ED50.
Larger number = greater level of safety
3 types of drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic- plasma/tissue drug levels are altered by the presence of another
Pharmacodynamic- action/effect of one drug is altered by another, occurs at the site of drug action
Pharmaceutic - physical/chemical reaction to drugs being mixed
Object drug VS precipitant drug
The one being acted on VS the one that influences the other
6 types of drug names
Chemical - describes molecular structure of drug
Code/laboratory - given by R&D. Abbreviations, codes and numbers
Compendial - listed in the US Pharmacopoeia
Official - usually compendial or generic
Proprietary/trade - short, easily recalled, trademarked by manufacturer
Generic - common name chosen by company, sometimes same as official or compendial name
