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Veterinary Pharmacology > General Pharmacology > Flashcards

General Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Indications

A

Reason for using drugs

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2
Q

Contraindications

A

Reason for not using drugs

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3
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What happens to drugs once they enter the body.
A complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is given.

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How drugs exert their effects

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6
Q

Toxicity

A

How adverse drug reactions manifest themselves

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7
Q

VCPR

A

Veterinarian-client-patient relationship

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8
Q

Alkaloids

A

Usually end in -ine
Atropine
Caffeine
Nicotine

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9
Q

Glycosides

A

Usually end in -in
Digoxin
Digitoxin

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10
Q

Regimen

A

Plan for administering drugs
Route
Dose
Frequency
Duration

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11
Q

Valid VCPR

A

Vet assumes responsibility for clinical judgements and client agrees to follow instructions.

Vet has sufficient knowledge of animal to give diagnosis. Must have seen animal recently.

Must be available for follow up.

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12
Q

Distribution equilibrium

A

Aka steady state
The point at which drug accumulation equals drug elimination.

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13
Q

5 primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug.

A

Rate of drug absorption
Amount of drug absorbed
Distribution of drug throughout body
Drug metabolism and bio transformation
Rate and route of excretion

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14
Q

5 factors that influence route of drug administration

A

Available pharmaceutic form of drug
Physical or chemical properties of the drug
How quickly onset of action should occur
Use of restraint or behavior of the patient
Nature of condition being treated

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15
Q

Depot preparation

A

Injectable drug placed in a substance that delays absorption

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16
Q

Bioavailability

A

Degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation

17
Q

8 factors that may affect the absorption process

A

Mechanism of absorption
PH and ionization status of drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply to area
Solubility of drug
Dosage form
Status of GI tract
Interaction with other medications

18
Q

Best described drug transporter

A

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) produced by MDR1 gene

19
Q

Usual mechanism for absorption of electrolytes

A

Active transport

20
Q

Partition coefficient

A

Degree of lipid solubility
High partition coefficient indicates enhanced drug absorption.

21
Q

First pass effect

A

Substances are absorbed from GI tract into portal venous system. In liver before general circulation. If metabolized in the liver it can become inactivated/less active.

22
Q

Metabolism aka

A

Biotransformation
Body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form that was administered to the form that can be eliminated from the body

23
Q

Metabolite

A

A drug thats been biotransformed

24
Q

4 chemical reactions induced by microsomal liver enzymes

A

Phase I
Oxidation - loss of electrons
Reduction - gain of electrons
Hydrolysis - splitting of drug molecule, addition of water to each split part
Phase II
Conjugation - addition of glucuronic acid/similar compounds to drug molecule. Becomes much more water soluble.

25
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body.

26
Q

Affinity

A

Tendency of drug to combine with receptor

27
Q

Agonist

A

Drug with high level of affinity and efficacy causes a specific action

28
Q

Partial agonist

A

Less affinity and efficacy

29
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor

30
Q

Potency

A

Amount of a drug needed to produce desired response.

31
Q

Efficacy

A

Degree to which drug produces desired response in patient

32
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Relationship between drug’s desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects. LD50 / ED50.
Larger number = greater level of safety

33
Q

3 types of drug interactions

A

Pharmacokinetic- plasma/tissue drug levels are altered by the presence of another
Pharmacodynamic- action/effect of one drug is altered by another, occurs at the site of drug action
Pharmaceutic - physical/chemical reaction to drugs being mixed

34
Q

Object drug VS precipitant drug

A

The one being acted on VS the one that influences the other

35
Q

6 types of drug names

A

Chemical - describes molecular structure of drug
Code/laboratory - given by R&D. Abbreviations, codes and numbers
Compendial - listed in the US Pharmacopoeia
Official - usually compendial or generic
Proprietary/trade - short, easily recalled, trademarked by manufacturer
Generic - common name chosen by company, sometimes same as official or compendial name

Veterinary Pharmacology (4 decks)

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