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Veterinary Pharmacology > Drugs Used In Nervous System Disorders > Flashcards

Drugs Used In Nervous System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Functionally, the PNS is divided into

A

The afferent and efferent portions

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2
Q

Afferent system

A

Sensory
Nerve cells that carry info from receptors in periphery to CNS

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3
Q

Efferent system

A

Motor
Nerve cells that carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Efferent nerves that carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle tissue.
Voluntary

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Efferent nerve cells that carry info from CNS to cardiac muscle, glands and smooth muscle.
Involuntary

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6
Q

Subdivisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic (adrenergic) - regulates energy expending activities (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (cholinergic) - regulates energy conserving activities (rest and digest)
Checks and balances

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7
Q

Axons vs dendrites

A

Axons carry messages AWAY from the nerve cell
Dendrites carry messages TOWARD the nerve cell

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8
Q

The most basic impulse conduction system through the nervous system is the
And it is composed of

A

Reflex arc

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Center in CNS for a synapse
Motor neuron
Effector

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9
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for

A

Higher functions, learning, memory and interpretation of sensory input (vision and pain recognition)

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10
Q

The thalamus serves as

A

A relay center for sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum to the cerebrum.
Also may be involved in pain interpretation.

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11
Q

The hypothalamus serves as

A

The primary mediator between the nervous system and the endocrine system through it’s control of the pituitary gland.
Also controls and regulates the ANS.

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12
Q

The medulla carries

A

Both sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord and the brain.
It contains centers that control vital physiological activities, breathing, heartbeat, BP, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, body temp, hunger and thirst.

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13
Q

The reticular formation is

A

A network of nerve cells scattered thru bundles of fibers that begin in the medulla and extend up thru the brain stem.

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14
Q

The reticular activating system

A

Part of the reticular formation.
Functions to arouse the cerebral cortex.
Responsible for consciousness, sleep and wakefulness.

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15
Q

Preganglionic fibers:
Sympathetic NS are , except for
Parasympathetic NS are

A

Short
The adrenal medulla
Long

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16
Q

What structures have only sympathetic fibers?

A

Adrenal medulla, sweat glands and hair follicles

17
Q

Receptors of the sympathetic NS

A

Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Dopaminergic

18
Q

Generally alpha receptors are and beta receptors are .

A

Stimulatory
Inhibitory

19
Q

The PNS has and receptors.

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

20
Q

A drug’s effect is determined by

A

The number of receptors in the effector and the drug’s specificity for the receptor.

21
Q

Primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic sites

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine - alpha and beta, heart and bronchioles
Dopamine

22
Q

The neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites

A

Acetylcholine - sympathetic post ganglionic fibers to sweat glands and the smooth muscle of blood vessels (muscarinic)

23
Q

How do autonomic drugs work

A

Mimic neurotransmitters
Interfere with neurotransmitter release
Block attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
Interfering with the breakdown/re uptake of of neurotransmitters at the synapse

24
Q

Classes of Autonomic NS agents

A

Cholinergic agents
Cholinergic blocking agents
Adrenergic agents
Adrenergic blocking agents

25
Q

What do cholinergic agents do?

A

Stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine by mimicking (direct acting) or inhibiting (indirect acting) it’s breakdown.

26
Q

Cholinergic agents are also called because their effects resemble those produced by stimulating parasympathetic nerves.

A

Parasympathomimetic

27
Q

What do cholinergic agents do?

A

Reduce intraocular pressure of glaucoma
Stimulate GI motility
Treat urinary retention
Control vomiting
Antidote for neuromuscular blockers

28
Q

Direct acting cholinergics and their uses

A

Acetylcholine - rarely used because of fast breakdown by acetylcholinesterase

Carbamylcholine - atony of the GI tract, stimulate urine contractions in swine

Bethanechol - GI and urinary tract atony

Pilocarpine - reduces intraocular pressure (glaucoma) and treats keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Metoclopramide/Reglan - control vomiting, promote gastric tract emptying

29
Q

Indirect acting cholinergic agents
Anticholinesterase

A

Edrophonium - presumptive diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Neostigmine/prostigmine - urinary retention and GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents

Physostigmine/antilirium- similar to neostigmine

Organophosphate compounds - insecticide dips, toxic if used improperly,

Demecarium/humorsol - preventative management of glaucoma

Pyridostigmine/mestinon - treatment of myasthenia gravis

30
Q

Adverse side effects of cholinergic drugs

A

bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, and increased bronchial secretions.

31
Q

What do cholinergic block agents do?

A

Block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the PNS.

32
Q

Cholinergic blocking agent AKA

A

Parasympatholytic

33
Q

Clinical uses of cholinergic blocking agents

A

Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting via a decrease in GI motility

Drying of secretions and prevention of bradycardia before anesthesia

Dilation of the pupils for ophthalmic examination

Relief of ciliary spasm of the eye

Treatment of sinus bradycardia

34
Q

Cholinergic blocking drugs and their uses

A

Atropine - preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia, counteract organophosphate poisoning, dilate the pupils for ophthalmic examination, control ciliary spasms of the eye, treat sinus bradycardia and slow a hypermobile gut

Methscopolamine - ingredient of Biosol-M. Methscopolamine is used to control diarrhea.

Glycopyrrolate - quaternary ammonium compound similar to atropine. longer duration of action than atropine, used primarily as a preanesthetic.

Aminopentamide - control of vomiting and diarrhea in cats/dogs

Propantheline- treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia and to reduce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal examination. Also a quaternary ammonium compound

Pralidoxime - protopam, 2-pam, cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication.

35
Q

Adverse side effects of cholinergic blockers

A

Are dose related, if overdosed -

drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, and burning at the injection site.

Veterinary Pharmacology (4 decks)

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