practical 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Traits of all ecdysozoans
A
- Cuticular integument = physical protection (external damage), physiological protection (water loss)
- Molting = ecdysis, molt the cuticular integument in order to grow, some molt multiple times before adulthood, some continue to molt as adults
2
Q
Nematoda (roundworms)
A
- collagen cuticle
-contract longitudinal muscles (not circular muscles too) - all habitats, decomposers, predators, parasites
3
Q
3 Traits shared by Tardigrada, Onychophora, and Arthropoda
A
- Open circulatory system (blood not enclosed in blood vessels), Hemolymph = circulatory fluid
- Cuticle made of chitin
- Appendages for movement
4
Q
Tardigrada
A
Semiaquatic habitats, soil, forest floor, benthic marine, can survive extreme environments (space pig)
5
Q
Onychophora
A
velvet worms, rainforests and moist leafy habitats
6
Q
Arthropoda apomorphies and traits
A
- Jointed appendages (often have sensory hairs)
-Compound eyes (lost or modified in some groups, superb movement detection)
-Calcified chitinous exoskeleton in some taxa
-Cuticle varies in thickness/flexibility =
large amount of arthropod diversity
7
Q
Arthropoda Subphyla Chelicerata Apomorphies
A
- 2 body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen)
-6 pairs of appendages attached to
cephalothorax (4 pairs for walking in scorpions and spiders, one pair modified into chelicerae for feeding:
fangs (spiders) or grabbers (scorpions), one pair modified into pedipalps: elongate structures for sensing (spiders), pinching
(scorpions), or walking (horseshoe crabs))
8
Q
Chelicerata: Merostomata Apomorphies
A
- horseshoe crab
- Long telson: spine-like tailpiece
- book gills: leaf-like
appendages on abdomen
for locomotion
9
Q
Arachnida apomorphies and traits
A
- Four pairs of walking legs
-book lungs (like an accordion, surrounded by hemolymph
(arthropod “blood”)) - Spinnerets: abdominal
appendages used for spinning
webs (spiders) - scorpions: telson modified
into stinger, pedipalps into
pincers
10
Q
Crustacea apomorphies
A
-all aquatic habitats, some land
- Nauplius larva
- stalked compound eyes
- two pairs of antennae
11
Q
crustacean body plan
A
- Carapace
- Cephalon and trunk or cephalothorax
- Gills for gas exchange
12
Q
Hexapoda apomorphies
A
- Loss of all abdominal appendages
- Three segmented thorax with three
pairs of legs - Labium (fusion of a pair of mouth
parts)
13
Q
hexapoda wings
A
- Attached to thorax
- Grow as extensions of the body wall
- Earlier lineages (like silverfish): no
wings - Almost all insects have wings
14
Q
hexapoda development
A
- Simple development: young hatch as small versions of adult
- Hemimetabolous development: involves incomplete metamorphosis: egg to nymph to adult (grasshoppers)
- Holometabolous development: Involves complete metamorphosis: egg to larva to pupa to adult (butterflies)
15
Q
Myriapoda apomorphies
A
- loss of compound eyes
- Chilopoda: venomous fangs (centipedes)
- Diplopoda: diplosegments (millipedes)
16
Q
Deuterostomes vs Protostomes
A
- Deuterostomes: blastopore becomes anus
- Protostomes: blastopore becomes mouth
17
Q
Deuterostome animals
A
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
18
Q
Echinodermata traits
A
- marine
- Oral and aboral surface
- Complete gut
- May have spines, tubercles (pimples), and/or pedicellariae (soft sticks)
19
Q
Echinodermata apomorphies
A
- Secondary pentaradial symmetry: radial but split into 5 parts
- Calcareous endoskeletal plates (“ossicles”)
- Loss of cerebral ganglion: Non-centralized nervous system
- Water vascular system: for movement and gathering food, Madreporite: pore where sea water enters and exits water vascular system
- Open ambulacral grooves (part of the water vascular system, five of them, tube feet arranged along these grooves)
20
Q
Echinoderm: Crinoidea
A
- Arms with ciliated grooves for
suspension feeding, suspension feeding = obtaining food
particles suspended in water column - Oral surface faces upwards
- May be sessile or free swimming
- Madreporite lost
21
Q
Asteroidea (sea stars)
A
- oral surface faces downward
- oral surface has many tube feet
with suckers
22
Q
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket
stars)
A
- Long articulated arms (high flexibility)
- No suckers on tube feet
- Madreporite on oral side
23
Q
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand
dollars)
A
- Fused skeletal plates: form a
globular/discus test (internal shell) - Ambulacral grooves running from
aboral to oral poles (rather than on
oral surface only) - Mobile spines
- Sea urchins: long tube feet for
locomotion - Many have pedicellariae
24
Q
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
A
- Elongated body on the oral-aboral axis
- Reduced endoskeleton (squishier)
- Internal madreporite
- Movement = tube feet, muscular contractions
- Retractable oral tentacles for feeding
25
Chordates and Hemichordates shared traits
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord (both)
- Pharyngeal bars and slits (both, connect pharynx to external environment, pharynx: connects mouth to esophagus)
- Notochord (chordates) or Stomochord (hemichordates)
- Post-anal tail (chordates only)
26
Hemichordates Characteristics
- Dorsal hollow nerve chord
- Pharyngeal bars and slits ( feeding and respiration)
- Stomochord ( structure, mobility)
- Proboscis (feeding)
27
Chordates Apomorphies
- Notochord (flexible rod-like structure, ventral to dorsal nerve cord)
- Post-anal tail (allows for swimming)
- Endostyle (ciliated; moves food from pharynx to gut)
- Pharyngeal slits & bars
28
Urochordata
- marine
- most sessile as adults
- tunic: non-living, surrounds body
- ADULT tunicates lost all but
one chief characteristic of
Chordates (still have pharyngeal slits as adults, “tadpole” Larval stage has all 4)
- Incurrent and excurrent
siphons for feeding
(Water into incurrent siphon to
mouth to enlarged pharynx to food
trapped in mucous on pharyngeal
bars to cilia pass food through
esophagus into stomach to water
exits through pharyngeal slits then
excurrent siphon)
29
Cephalochordata
Sandy marine habitats, Segmentally arranged muscles (myomeres), Buccal apparatus: feeding (buccal cirri: tentacle-like projections, ciliated wheel organ: draws water
into mouth), beginnings of a brain: swollen tip of dorsal nerve cord
