practical 2

Question 1

Chromobionta (brown plants)

Answer 1

photoautotrophic, chlorophyll c: photosynthetic pigment, Carotenoids: yellowish brown pigments, Energy storage: Laminarin oil, Chrysolaminarin

Question 2

Diatoms

Answer 2

cell wall: silica, diatom shapes (pennate, centric)

Question 3

Phaeophyta (phaeophytes)

Answer 3

anatomy of the thallus (pneumatocyst, blade, stipe, holdfast)

Question 4

Rhodophyta primary apomorphy

Answer 4

primary apomorphy: chlorophyll d

Question 5

Fungi

Answer 5

more closely related to animals than plants, basic anatomy: hyphae, mycelium, heterotrophic, primary apomorphy: chitin cell wall, mycorrhiza relationship between fungus and land plants

Question 6

definition of saprobic

Answer 6

decomposers feeding on decaying matter

Question 7

definition of mutualism

Answer 7

organisms having a symbiotic relationship that benefit both parties

Question 8

3 forms of lichens

Answer 8

• Crustose: flat, tightly adherent to substrate
• Foliose: leafy, flat-ish, not tightly adherent
• Fruticose: look like mini trees

Question 8

Rhizopus (bread mold)

Answer 8

Non-motile Fungi: Zygomycetes, zoosporangia, hyphal strands

Question 9

Basidiomycetes anatomy

Answer 9

gills, cap, stipe, annulus, volva,

Question 10

Basidium gills function

Answer 10

the reproductive organ, where nuclear fusion (karyogamy) occurs and sexual spores

Question 11

Basidium cap function

Answer 11

sexually reproduce with 4 spores

Question 12

Primary apomorphies of Chlorophyta (green plants)

Answer 12

chlorophyll b, thylakoids, grana, storage compound = starch

Question 13

Oogamy

Answer 13

Pre-adaptation to terrestrial life, when two gametes look different: Egg = larger, non-flagellate, Sperm = motile and flagellate

Question 14

Stomata (stoma) adaptive functions

Answer 14

Little hole on leaves, gas exchange and water loss

Question 15

cuticle adaptive function

Answer 15

water loss prevention, protective layer secreted in/on epidermis
(outermost layer of cells), made on cutin

Question 16

stoma guard cells function

Answer 16

it can change turgor pressure to increase/decrease size of opening
between

Question 17

Antheridium

Answer 17

produce sperm with motile flagella, released when moist: still rely on water to reach the egg

anatomy: sperm cells, antheridial wall

Question 18

Archegonium

Answer 18

produces egg, Outer layer of cells surrounding the egg, cells extending outwards: neck

anatomy: egg cell, neck canal cells, neck

Question 19

Sporophyte

Answer 19

diploid phase in life cycle

Question 20

Gametophyte

Answer 20

haploid, gamete-producing
part of life cycle

Question 21

sporocytes

Answer 21

Result of meiosis: 4 haploid spores, Adaptive advantage: increased spore
production

Question 22

Non-Vascular Land Plants: 3 major lineages

Answer 22

moss, liverwort, hornwort

dominant phase of life cycle = gametophyte habitat

Question 23

basic structure of a non-vascular land plant

Answer 23

rhizoids, gametophyte, sporophyte,
capsule

Question 24

true mosses structure

Answer 24

sporophyte, gametophyte, capsule, peristome teeth

Question 25

liverworts morphology

Answer 25

2 morphologies: leafy, thalloid

Question 26

hornworts morphology

Answer 26

leafy

Question 27

Vascular land plants apomorphies

Answer 27

- sporophyte = dominant phase of life cycle - primary apomorphies: independent, dominant sporophyte (sporophyte dominant phase of life cycle), vascular system: transportation of minerals and nutrients to different areas of the plant (xylem: water and phloem: sugar), roots, shoot system with sporophytic leaves (leaves that produce spores)

Question 28

roots functions

Answer 28

1. Anchor plants to substrate 2. Absorption of water and minerals

Question 29

roots apical growth

Answer 29

Root tip where continuous mitotic division occurs (new cells created)

Question 30

root anatomy and function

Answer 30

- Apical meristem covered by rootcap (protects apical meristem) - Epidermis: outmost protective layer of cells - Root hairs: increase absorption surface area - Central vascular tissue: alternating bands of xylem and phloem

Question 31

shoots anatomy and function

Answer 31

stem that bears leaves + buds in axils of leaves - Apical meristem undergoing constant cell division (like the root tip) - Bud = mini shoot system that can later grow into a new branch that may terminate in a reproductive organ - Stem = support leaves and conduct nutrients - Node = where leaf attaches to stem - Leaf = photosynthesis - Axil = upper junction of leaf and stem

Question 32

stems 2 basic functions

Answer 32

1. Support and elevate leaves and reproductive organs 2. Conduction: allow transport of water/nutrients/minerals

Question 33

stem anatomy

Answer 33

- Pith = central tissue - Cortex = outer tissue - Epidermis = outermost protective layer of cells

Question 34

Leaves 2 functions

Answer 34

Primary function: photosynthesis Sporophytic leaves: produce spores (2 types, mirco, mega)

Question 35

Microphylls vs Megaphylls

Answer 35

- Microphylls: only one vascular vein - Megaphylls: more than one vascular vein = allowed for evolution of bigger and more diverse leaves

Question 36

Leaves anatomy

Answer 36

- Mesophyll = non-vascular cells between upper and lower epidermal layers - stomata = the opening itself on the leaves is a stoma with guard cells (mouth thing) - cuticle = protective layer that is on the outside of the epidermis - upper and lower epidermis