practical 1

Question 1

descent

Answer 1

transfer of genetic material (DNA)
from parent to offspring

Question 2

modification

Answer 2

change in genetic material
transferred from parent to offspring

Question 3

Modes of passing on genetic material

Answer 3

Clonal fission (binary fission), Sexual reproduction

Question 4

Modes of modification

Answer 4

Mutation, direct alteration, recombination

Question 5

Species

Answer 5

“lineage” consisting of potentially interbreeding individuals

Question 6

Population

Answer 6

group of individuals of the same species

Question 7

What evolves?

Answer 7

Species and Population, not individuals

Question 8

Systematics

Answer 8

Reconstruction of phylogenies and taxonomy

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

Description = listing features, Identification = association of an unknown specimen with a known group, Nomenclature = formal naming system for taxa, Classification = arrangement of objects into an order

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

evolutionary history
of a group of organisms

Question 11

Cladogram

Answer 11

Representative diagram of
phylogeny, Methodology: phylogenetic systematics

Question 12

Lineage

Answer 12

a line of descent
from ancestor to taxon/taxa of
interest

Question 13

Speciation

Answer 13

formation of two
species from a common
ancestor (branch)

Question 14

Apomorphy

Answer 14

new (”derived”) character

Question 15

Plesiomorphy

Answer 15

ancestral character state

Question 16

Synapomorphy

Answer 16

Derived character that unites 2+
lineages

Question 17

Autapomorphy

Answer 17

Derived character occurring in a
single lineage

Question 18

Homology

Answer 18

a similarity
resulting from common ancestry

Question 19

Homoplasy

Answer 19

similarity NOT
resulting from common ancestry

Question 20

Convergence

Answer 20

when a similar feature evolves independently in
2+ taxa = wings

Question 21

Reversal

Answer 21

When a derived character is lost and reverts back to the ancestral state = snake

Question 22

Monophyletic group

Answer 22

A group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 23

Sister taxa

Answer 23

Two monophyletic taxa sharing an immediate common ancestor

Question 24

Paraphyletic group

Answer 24

A group consisting of a common ancestor and some (not all) of its descendants

Question 25

Polyphyletic group

Answer 25

A group of taxa that does not include the common ancestor

Question 26

gram positive

Answer 26

more peptidoglycan on outside of plasma membrane * Appears dark purple

Question 27

Gram negative

Answer 27

fewer peptidoglycans located between inner and outer plasma membrane, pink

Question 28

Ecological Niche: Bacteria & Archaea

Answer 28

Bacteria - Found in almost every ecological niche Archaea - Extreme environments

Question 29

Heterotrophs

Answer 29

consume other organisms

Question 30

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 30

break down organic compounds for energy

Question 31

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 31

use light as energy source

Question 32

Autotrophs

Answer 32

“make their own” energy

Question 33

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 33

manufacture organic compounds from inorganic chemical reactions

Question 34

Photosynthesis in bacteria

Answer 34

cyanobacteria

Question 35

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 35

Convert N2 in the air into ammonia (cyanobacteria for heterocyst)

Question 36

Mitosis

Answer 36

Cell multiplication, Result: two diploid (2n) daughter cells with identical genetic information

Question 37

Meiosis

Answer 37

Single diploid cell (2n) = 4 haploid cells (n) each with single set of chromosomes * Fertilization: haploid cells from (usually) 2 individuals join to make a diploid zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 38

Eukarya: Amoebozoans

Answer 38

- Generally unicellular * Lack cell wall * Free living or parasitic * pseudopodia *phagocytosis * Contractile vacuole

Question 39

Contractile vacuole

Answer 39

regulates water in cell to prevent lysis in fresh water

Question 40

Eukarya: Excavata

Answer 40

Unicellular * 2+ flagella (only one visible) * Primarily heterotrophic, some photosynthetic * Many have an eye spot * 3 membranes around the chloroplast: suggests multiple endosymbiosis events * Euglena

Question 41

Eukarya: Alveolates: Ciliates

Answer 41

Ciliates * Unicellular * Heterotrophic * Movement: cilia (little ”hairs” that propel organism) and/or flagella * Paramecium

Question 42

Eukarya: Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

Answer 42

2 flagella * Can be photosynthetic * Has cellulose wall or no cell wall * Cellulose wall can form armored plates (thecae)

Question 43

Zooxanthellae

Answer 43

Brown algae, dinoflagellates with a symbiotic relationship with cnidarians (corals, anemones) or mollusks (giant clams)

Question 44

heterocyst

Answer 44

fix nitrogen from air and supply it to the other parts of the cell

Question 45

phagocytosis (amoeba)

Answer 45

gives them energy, destroying foreign particles