Practical 4 Kaylee Flashcards
Urine production rate formula
(pee volume)/(amount of time it took to produce that volume since last void)
What is the normal amout of urine production
800-2000 mL/day
What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if your blood is salty or you just drank V8?
Concentrated urine and decrease urine output
What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you drink excessive water and therefore your blood is diluted?
Diluted urine and increase urine output
What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you have too little blood from something like trauma?
Concentrate urine and decrease urine output
What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you have diabetes for example and you therefore have sugary blood?
Concentrated urine and increased urine output
What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a Urine Production Rate graph?
What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a specific gravity graph? What is specific gravity?
Specific gravity = concentration of solutes in urine
What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a pH graph?
Label the gross anatomy of the macro-scale body
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
Is urine produced by the bladder?
No the kidneys
What squeezes out urine from the urinary system?
The bladder
Why is one kidney lower?
The liver is in the way
What is the function of the kidney?
- Blood filter
- Removal of metabolites
- Drug clearance
- Regulation of Blood pH
- Lungs directly regulate pH of blood
- GI indirectly regulates blood pH
- Water balance
- Retention and elimination
- Blood pressure
- Also renin and EPO
What is the function of the ureter?
Transport hose form kidney to bladder
What is the function of the bladder?
Urine reservoir and urine excretion pressure source
What is the function of the prostate?
Valve for urine excretion
What is the function of the urethra?
Exit hose from bladder to environment
What is not a function of the kidneys/something you shouldn’t see in urine normally?
KIdney doesn’t do protein clearance and you shouldn’t see protein in urine normally
What are the three general histology layers of the urinary tract?
- Muscosa
- Epithethium types: simple squamous, transitional, cuboidal
- Muscularis
- Inner longitudinal
- Outer circular
- Opposite than GI
- Adventitia
- No serosa
What are the three muscularis layers within the bladder?
- Inner longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Outer longitudinal
Why is there no mucosa in the general urinary histology?
No submucosa (important for vessels and nutrient absorption from lacteals) because we don’t need to absorb anything from urine after we have already produced it
Some vocab:
- Retroperitoneal=
- Renal=
- Filtration vs. Reabsorption vs. Secretion=
- Micturition vs. Urination=
- Ultrafiltrate vs. Urine=
- Non-pathologic=
- Capsule=
- Urethral vs. ureteral=
- Proximal vs. Distal=
- Convoluted=
- Vein vs. Artery=
- Retroperitoneal= Behind the peritoneum
- Renal= Kidney
- Filtration vs. Reabsorption vs. Secretion= All involve water and or solute movement
- Micturition vs. Urination= Production vs. expulsion
- Ultrafiltrate vs. Urine= initial filtrated substance in the nephron vs. what it finally becomes
- Non-pathologic= normal function
- Capsule= thin membrane surrounding organ
- Urethral vs. ureteral
- Proximal vs. Distal= close vs. far
- Convoluted= intricately folded
- Vein vs. Artery= blood to heart vs. blood away from heart
Label the transverse section of the abdomen
Label the gross anatomy of a kidney
What drives movement of urine through the ureter?
Hydrostatic pressure, peristalsis, and gravity
What structure in the bladder voids the urine?
The detrusor muscle
Are the ureters the same length in both men and women? How about the urethra?
Ureter = same in men and women (25-30cm)
Urethra = Longer in men (15-20cm) than women (4 cm)**
** Bacterial infections more prevelent in women because its a shorter distance to bladder
Label the gross anatomy of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. What is also seen in the bladder that is seen in the stomach?
Rugae! Purpose is to stretch
**Internal urethral sphincter is part of the prostate
Label sagittal view of male gross anatomy (ureters, bladder, and urethra)
Label sagittal view of female gross anatomy (ureters, bladder, and urethra)
What is the nephron in regards to the kidney?
The function unit of the kidney
What is the nephrons physiological function?
Function is to filter blood plasma, not cells or proteins. We don’t want toxins or alcohols in our blood. The initial filtered substance is ultra filtrate which then becomes urine
What are osmolytes?
We use osmolytes (dissolved ions) to assist in modifying filtered substances
-These ais in reabsorption and secretion
Label the nephron anatomy
What is the renal blood flow? (A -> M in steps)
Label this nephron histology slide
Label this detailed nephron histology slide
Label this ureter histology slide
Look at kidney disection picture on phone and label the structures
What structures do catheters go through?
Urethra and bladder up into the renal pelvis
What is the funcition of the loop of henle?
Modify ultrafiltrate into urine
Label where Filtration, mictrition/excretion, secretion, and absorption occur in the Loop of henle
What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule and what type of epithelium is it?
- Glucose reabsorption
- Simple cuboidal
- Microvilli present to increase surface area
What happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle and what type of epithelium is it?
- Water reabsorption
- Simple squamous
What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle and what type of epithelium is it?
- Thin ascending limb
- Water reabsorption
- Thick ascending limb
- NaCl reasborption
- No mirovilli
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and what type of epithelium is it?
- NaCl Reabsorption
- Secrete potassium
- No microvilli on cuboidal
What happens in the collecting duct?
Reasborbs salt and water
Label the histology slide and what is it?
Kidney cortex
Label the histology slide and what is it?
Renal Corpuscle
Label the histology slide and what is it?
Renal corpuscle
What is this histology slide?
Renal corpuscle
What is this histology slide?
Renal tubules
Label this histology slide and what is it?
Ureter
Label this histology slide and what is it?
Ureter
Label this histology slide and what is it?
Ureter- Muscle layers
What is obligatory water loss?
Water loss that is not controlled. ADH inhibited release causes more water to be lost becayse you pee more. ADH is triggered by low blood volume, high blood osmolarity
What is facultative water loss?
Controlled water loss. Dependent on the degree of hydration of the body. Hormonally regulated in the distal convoluted tuble, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts in nephrons of the kidneys
Urine related vocab
Glucosuria=
Hematuria=
Pyuria=
Albuminuria=
Ketonuria=
Urinary tract infection=
Urine related vocab
Glucosuria= Presence of glucose
Hematuria= Presence of erythrocytes
Pyuria= Presence of WBCs
Albuminuria= See this with glucosuria
Ketonuria= Presence of ketones
Urinary tract infection= Presence of microbes
What do we care about in urinalysis?
- Color
- Turbidity = cloudiness
- Specific gravity
- pH
- Glucose
- Albumin or other proteins
- Blood
- Ketone bodies
- Casts
- Microbes
Vocab
- Erection=
- Tumescene=
- Detumescene=
- Labia=
- Majora=
- Minora=
- Sex=
- Sexual orientation=
- Gender=
Vocab
- Erection= Tumescene
- Tumescene= Swelling due to vascular congestion
- Detumescene= Decrease in swelling to return to flassic or soft state
- Labia= Lip
- Majora= Big, outer
- Minora= Small, more internal
- Sex= Reproductive anatomy
- Sexual orientation= Sexual attraction
- Gender= Identity
What is the function of the ovaries?
Endocrine (estrogen and progesterone) and exocrine (egg)
What is the uterus comprised of?
- 3 layers
- 3 regions
- Cervix
- Internal and external os
- This is where mucus plug occurs (from pregnancy or “the pill”) and it traps sperm
- Cervix
- 3 regions to fallopian tubes
- Implantation of fertilized egg
Label this gross anatomy of the uterus
What are the four ligaments that hold up the uterus?
- Broad ligament is a sheet that covers
- Round ligament connects to labia majora
- Holds uterus in anteflexion
Label the layers and regions of the uterus
Label the histology of the uterus
Label the sagittal view of a female
Label the external genitalia of the female
What external female structures from anterior to posterior?
Mons pubis
Prepuce
Clitoris
Urethra
Vagina/hymen
anus
What is the difference between a sinus and a duct?
Sinus is a big storage area
Duct is a place that conducts things to go places
Label the anatomy of the breast
What is oogenesis?
Division of oogonium to ovum (after fertilization)
When does oogenesis start and end?
Femal oogenesis stops at Meiosis 1 at birth and goes to Meiosis 2 after ovulation. Doesn’t finish until fertilization
What are the steps in follicular development?
What happens to the follicle after ovulation?
What phase of follicular development releases progesterone?
Corpus luteum
What are the main differences in primordial, late primary, secondary, and mature follicles?
What are the three regions of the ovary? Label the ovary histology
Label the primary ovary histology
What phase is this follicle and how can you tell?
Graafian Follicle because of the large antrum!
Label the graafian follicle histology
Label the vagina histology
Label the uterus histology
What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do?
FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and Theca cells
-Most important for initial gamete development
What does luteinizing hormone do?
LH affects leydig cells and granulosa cells
-Most important for sex hormone production
Both released the most during ovulation
How do estrogen and progesterone affect vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) release? In the ovary
- This builds up endometrial lining
- Zona basalis builds up Zona Functionalis
- “Sprouting Angiogenesis”
- Hemodynamics of the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle
What is the corpus luteum in the ovary responsible for? what happens if the ovum is fertilized?
Corpus luteum is responsible for secreting progesterone after ovum release. If ovum is fertilized: hCG signals corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone for about 12 weeks until placenta develop enough to take over (this increases vascular support). If ovum is unfertilized of hCG drops below threshold: corpus luteum will degrade into corpus albicans
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- Ectopic means out of place
- Most end in abortion
- Almost impossible to re-implant fetus into endometrium
- Dangerous for fetus and mother
- Results in rupture then internal bleeding and death from hypovolemic shock (not enough blood for heart to pump)
Recognize the key hormones throughout the 28 day menstrual cycle
Label the scrotum and testes
Elevate and lower the testes based on temperature!
What is the spermatic canal and what runs through it?
- Cremaster muscle
- Vein
- Artery
- Nerve
- vas Deferens
- Lymphatic
Compare dartos innervation and cremaster innervation
- Dartos innervation
- Contraction
- Wrinkling
- Shrink surface area
- reduce heat loss
- Cremaster innervation
- Contraction
- Bring testes closer to body
- Reduce heat loss
What is the pampiniform plexus in the testes and why is it important?
- Testicular arteris bring warm blood next to cold blood from testicular veins
- Energy is exchanged between these vessels to maintain a gradient as blood supplies the testes
How is teste temperature regulated?
- Surface area
- Distance from body
- countercurrent exchange
- also sweat glands
what are the 3 tunics of the testes?
- Tunica albuginea (Deep)
- Dense CT
- Tunica vaginalis-extension of peritoneum
- Visceral and parietal layers
- Spermatic fascia (superficial)
- Internal and external layers
Label the male ductal flow of sperm in teste
Label male ductal flow of sperm in testes (part 2)
What are the five phases of spermatogenesis?
- Spermatogonia
- Primary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocytes
- Spermatids enter seminiferous tubules
- Mature into sperm in epidymis
Label the sperm cell
Label the teste histology
Label the transverse section of the male reproductive anatomy
Label the posterior view of the bladder
Label the accessory sex glands
Label the penis
Look at the 3 hydraulic cylinders of the penis
What are similarities between the penis and clitoris?
- Similar structures
- Prepuce (skin over glans)
- Glans clitoris
- Bulb of vestibule
- Corpus spongiosum
- Corpus spongiosum
Sperm production vocab
- Spermatogenesis=
- Spermiogenesis=
- Spermiation=
- Ejactulation=
- Spermatogenesis= tear apart
- Division and development
- Spermiogenesis= Form sperm shape (like the letter i)
- Spermiation= release of sperm from duct to be stored in epididymis
- Ejactulation= Release from epididymis
How does neurophysiology come into play with tumescence, glandular secretion, and orgasms?
- PNS -> Tumescence
- Relaxation of smooth muscle around arterioles allows blood to fill corpus spongiosum and corpra cavernosa
- SNS -> Glandular secretion
- CNS feedback -> rythmic contraction
- AKA Orgasm
