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Physiology 202 > Practical 4 Kaylee > Flashcards

Practical 4 Kaylee Flashcards

1
Q

Urine production rate formula

A

(pee volume)/(amount of time it took to produce that volume since last void)

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2
Q

What is the normal amout of urine production

A

800-2000 mL/day

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3
Q

What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if your blood is salty or you just drank V8?

A

Concentrated urine and decrease urine output

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4
Q

What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you drink excessive water and therefore your blood is diluted?

A

Diluted urine and increase urine output

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5
Q

What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you have too little blood from something like trauma?

A

Concentrate urine and decrease urine output

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6
Q

What are the effects on urine concentration and urine output if you have diabetes for example and you therefore have sugary blood?

A

Concentrated urine and increased urine output

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7
Q

What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a Urine Production Rate graph?

A
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8
Q

What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a specific gravity graph? What is specific gravity?

A

Specific gravity = concentration of solutes in urine

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9
Q

What would you expect to see for caffeine, water, gatorade, and V8 on a pH graph?

A
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10
Q

Label the gross anatomy of the macro-scale body

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Ureter
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
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11
Q

Is urine produced by the bladder?

A

No the kidneys

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12
Q

What squeezes out urine from the urinary system?

A

The bladder

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13
Q

Why is one kidney lower?

A

The liver is in the way

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14
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A
  • Blood filter
    • Removal of metabolites
    • Drug clearance
    • Regulation of Blood pH
      • Lungs directly regulate pH of blood
      • GI indirectly regulates blood pH
    • Water balance
      • Retention and elimination
      • Blood pressure
    • Also renin and EPO
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15
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Transport hose form kidney to bladder

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16
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Urine reservoir and urine excretion pressure source

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17
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Valve for urine excretion

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18
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Exit hose from bladder to environment

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19
Q

What is not a function of the kidneys/something you shouldn’t see in urine normally?

A

KIdney doesn’t do protein clearance and you shouldn’t see protein in urine normally

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20
Q

What are the three general histology layers of the urinary tract?

A
  • Muscosa
    • Epithethium types: simple squamous, transitional, cuboidal
  • Muscularis
    • Inner longitudinal
    • Outer circular
    • Opposite than GI
  • Adventitia
    • No serosa
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21
Q

What are the three muscularis layers within the bladder?

A
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Outer longitudinal
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22
Q

Why is there no mucosa in the general urinary histology?

A

No submucosa (important for vessels and nutrient absorption from lacteals) because we don’t need to absorb anything from urine after we have already produced it

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23
Q

Some vocab:

  • Retroperitoneal=
  • Renal=
  • Filtration vs. Reabsorption vs. Secretion=
  • Micturition vs. Urination=
  • Ultrafiltrate vs. Urine=
  • Non-pathologic=
  • Capsule=
  • Urethral vs. ureteral=
  • Proximal vs. Distal=
  • Convoluted=
  • Vein vs. Artery=
A
  • Retroperitoneal= Behind the peritoneum
  • Renal= Kidney
  • Filtration vs. Reabsorption vs. Secretion= All involve water and or solute movement
  • Micturition vs. Urination= Production vs. expulsion
  • Ultrafiltrate vs. Urine= initial filtrated substance in the nephron vs. what it finally becomes
  • Non-pathologic= normal function
  • Capsule= thin membrane surrounding organ
  • Urethral vs. ureteral
  • Proximal vs. Distal= close vs. far
  • Convoluted= intricately folded
  • Vein vs. Artery= blood to heart vs. blood away from heart
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24
Q

Label the transverse section of the abdomen

A
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25
Q

Label the gross anatomy of a kidney

A
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26
Q

What drives movement of urine through the ureter?

A

Hydrostatic pressure, peristalsis, and gravity

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27
Q

What structure in the bladder voids the urine?

A

The detrusor muscle

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28
Q

Are the ureters the same length in both men and women? How about the urethra?

A

Ureter = same in men and women (25-30cm)

Urethra = Longer in men (15-20cm) than women (4 cm)**

** Bacterial infections more prevelent in women because its a shorter distance to bladder

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29
Q

Label the gross anatomy of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. What is also seen in the bladder that is seen in the stomach?

A

Rugae! Purpose is to stretch

**Internal urethral sphincter is part of the prostate

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30
Q

Label sagittal view of male gross anatomy (ureters, bladder, and urethra)

A
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31
Q

Label sagittal view of female gross anatomy (ureters, bladder, and urethra)

A
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32
Q

What is the nephron in regards to the kidney?

A

The function unit of the kidney

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33
Q

What is the nephrons physiological function?

A

Function is to filter blood plasma, not cells or proteins. We don’t want toxins or alcohols in our blood. The initial filtered substance is ultra filtrate which then becomes urine

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34
Q

What are osmolytes?

A

We use osmolytes (dissolved ions) to assist in modifying filtered substances

-These ais in reabsorption and secretion

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35
Q

Label the nephron anatomy

A
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36
Q

What is the renal blood flow? (A -> M in steps)

A
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37
Q

Label this nephron histology slide

A
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38
Q

Label this detailed nephron histology slide

A
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39
Q

Label this ureter histology slide

A
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40
Q

Look at kidney disection picture on phone and label the structures

A
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41
Q

What structures do catheters go through?

A

Urethra and bladder up into the renal pelvis

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42
Q

What is the funcition of the loop of henle?

A

Modify ultrafiltrate into urine

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43
Q

Label where Filtration, mictrition/excretion, secretion, and absorption occur in the Loop of henle

A
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44
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule and what type of epithelium is it?

A
  • Glucose reabsorption
  • Simple cuboidal
    • Microvilli present to increase surface area
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45
Q

What happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle and what type of epithelium is it?

A
  • Water reabsorption
  • Simple squamous
46
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle and what type of epithelium is it?

A
  • Thin ascending limb
    • Water reabsorption
  • Thick ascending limb
    • NaCl reasborption
    • No mirovilli
47
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and what type of epithelium is it?

A
  • NaCl Reabsorption
  • Secrete potassium
  • No microvilli on cuboidal
48
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A

Reasborbs salt and water

49
Q

Label the histology slide and what is it?

A

Kidney cortex

50
Q

Label the histology slide and what is it?

A

Renal Corpuscle

51
Q

Label the histology slide and what is it?

A

Renal corpuscle

52
Q

What is this histology slide?

A

Renal corpuscle

53
Q

What is this histology slide?

A

Renal tubules

54
Q

Label this histology slide and what is it?

A

Ureter

55
Q

Label this histology slide and what is it?

A

Ureter

56
Q

Label this histology slide and what is it?

A

Ureter- Muscle layers

57
Q

What is obligatory water loss?

A

Water loss that is not controlled. ADH inhibited release causes more water to be lost becayse you pee more. ADH is triggered by low blood volume, high blood osmolarity

58
Q

What is facultative water loss?

A

Controlled water loss. Dependent on the degree of hydration of the body. Hormonally regulated in the distal convoluted tuble, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts in nephrons of the kidneys

59
Q

Urine related vocab

Glucosuria=

Hematuria=

Pyuria=

Albuminuria=

Ketonuria=

Urinary tract infection=

A

Urine related vocab

Glucosuria= Presence of glucose

Hematuria= Presence of erythrocytes

Pyuria= Presence of WBCs

Albuminuria= See this with glucosuria

Ketonuria= Presence of ketones

Urinary tract infection= Presence of microbes

60
Q

What do we care about in urinalysis?

A
  • Color
  • Turbidity = cloudiness
  • Specific gravity
  • pH
  • Glucose
  • Albumin or other proteins
  • Blood
  • Ketone bodies
  • Casts
  • Microbes
61
Q

Vocab

  • Erection=
  • Tumescene=
  • Detumescene=
  • Labia=
  • Majora=
  • Minora=
  • Sex=
  • Sexual orientation=
  • Gender=
A

Vocab

  • Erection= Tumescene
  • Tumescene= Swelling due to vascular congestion
  • Detumescene= Decrease in swelling to return to flassic or soft state
  • Labia= Lip
  • Majora= Big, outer
  • Minora= Small, more internal
  • Sex= Reproductive anatomy
  • Sexual orientation= Sexual attraction
  • Gender= Identity
62
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Endocrine (estrogen and progesterone) and exocrine (egg)

63
Q

What is the uterus comprised of?

A
  • 3 layers
  • 3 regions
    • Cervix
      • Internal and external os
      • This is where mucus plug occurs (from pregnancy or “the pill”) and it traps sperm
  • 3 regions to fallopian tubes
  • Implantation of fertilized egg
64
Q

Label this gross anatomy of the uterus

A
65
Q

What are the four ligaments that hold up the uterus?

A
  • Broad ligament is a sheet that covers
  • Round ligament connects to labia majora
    • Holds uterus in anteflexion
66
Q

Label the layers and regions of the uterus

A
67
Q

Label the histology of the uterus

A
68
Q

Label the sagittal view of a female

A
69
Q

Label the external genitalia of the female

A
70
Q

What external female structures from anterior to posterior?

A

Mons pubis

Prepuce

Clitoris

Urethra

Vagina/hymen

anus

71
Q

What is the difference between a sinus and a duct?

A

Sinus is a big storage area

Duct is a place that conducts things to go places

72
Q

Label the anatomy of the breast

A
73
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Division of oogonium to ovum (after fertilization)

74
Q

When does oogenesis start and end?

A

Femal oogenesis stops at Meiosis 1 at birth and goes to Meiosis 2 after ovulation. Doesn’t finish until fertilization

75
Q

What are the steps in follicular development?

A
76
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A
77
Q

What phase of follicular development releases progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

78
Q

What are the main differences in primordial, late primary, secondary, and mature follicles?

A
79
Q

What are the three regions of the ovary? Label the ovary histology

A
80
Q

Label the primary ovary histology

A
81
Q

What phase is this follicle and how can you tell?

A

Graafian Follicle because of the large antrum!

82
Q

Label the graafian follicle histology

A
83
Q

Label the vagina histology

A
84
Q

Label the uterus histology

A
85
Q

What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do?

A

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and Theca cells

-Most important for initial gamete development

86
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do?

A

LH affects leydig cells and granulosa cells

-Most important for sex hormone production

Both released the most during ovulation

87
Q

How do estrogen and progesterone affect vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) release? In the ovary

A
  • This builds up endometrial lining
  • Zona basalis builds up Zona Functionalis
  • “Sprouting Angiogenesis”
  • Hemodynamics of the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle
88
Q

What is the corpus luteum in the ovary responsible for? what happens if the ovum is fertilized?

A

Corpus luteum is responsible for secreting progesterone after ovum release. If ovum is fertilized: hCG signals corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone for about 12 weeks until placenta develop enough to take over (this increases vascular support). If ovum is unfertilized of hCG drops below threshold: corpus luteum will degrade into corpus albicans

89
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • Ectopic means out of place
  • Most end in abortion
  • Almost impossible to re-implant fetus into endometrium
  • Dangerous for fetus and mother
    • Results in rupture then internal bleeding and death from hypovolemic shock (not enough blood for heart to pump)
90
Q

Recognize the key hormones throughout the 28 day menstrual cycle

A
91
Q

Label the scrotum and testes

A

Elevate and lower the testes based on temperature!

92
Q

What is the spermatic canal and what runs through it?

A
  • Cremaster muscle
  • Vein
  • Artery
  • Nerve
  • vas Deferens
  • Lymphatic
93
Q

Compare dartos innervation and cremaster innervation

A
  • Dartos innervation
    • Contraction
    • Wrinkling
    • Shrink surface area
    • reduce heat loss
  • Cremaster innervation
    • Contraction
    • Bring testes closer to body
    • Reduce heat loss
94
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus in the testes and why is it important?

A
  • Testicular arteris bring warm blood next to cold blood from testicular veins
  • Energy is exchanged between these vessels to maintain a gradient as blood supplies the testes
95
Q

How is teste temperature regulated?

A
  1. Surface area
  2. Distance from body
  3. countercurrent exchange
  4. also sweat glands
96
Q

what are the 3 tunics of the testes?

A
  • Tunica albuginea (Deep)
    • Dense CT
  • Tunica vaginalis-extension of peritoneum
    • Visceral and parietal layers
  • Spermatic fascia (superficial)
    • Internal and external layers
97
Q

Label the male ductal flow of sperm in teste

A
98
Q

Label male ductal flow of sperm in testes (part 2)

A
99
Q

What are the five phases of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogonia
  2. Primary spermatocytes
  3. Secondary spermatocytes
  4. Spermatids enter seminiferous tubules
  5. Mature into sperm in epidymis
100
Q

Label the sperm cell

A
101
Q

Label the teste histology

A
102
Q

Label the transverse section of the male reproductive anatomy

A
103
Q

Label the posterior view of the bladder

A
104
Q

Label the accessory sex glands

A
105
Q

Label the penis

A
106
Q

Look at the 3 hydraulic cylinders of the penis

A
107
Q

What are similarities between the penis and clitoris?

A
  • Similar structures
    • Prepuce (skin over glans)
    • Glans clitoris
    • Bulb of vestibule
      • Corpus spongiosum
    • Corpus spongiosum
108
Q

Sperm production vocab

  • Spermatogenesis=
  • Spermiogenesis=
  • Spermiation=
  • Ejactulation=
A
  • Spermatogenesis= tear apart
    • Division and development
  • Spermiogenesis= Form sperm shape (like the letter i)
  • Spermiation= release of sperm from duct to be stored in epididymis
  • Ejactulation= Release from epididymis
109
Q

How does neurophysiology come into play with tumescence, glandular secretion, and orgasms?

A
  • PNS -> Tumescence
    • Relaxation of smooth muscle around arterioles allows blood to fill corpus spongiosum and corpra cavernosa
  • SNS -> Glandular secretion
  • CNS feedback -> rythmic contraction
    • AKA Orgasm
110
Q
A

Physiology 202 (12 decks)

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