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Physiology 202 > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How do antigens and antibodies react?

A

An antigen will react with an antibody to create an immune response

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2
Q

Label these regions:

  • Nasal and oral cavity
  • Trachea
  • Larynx and epiglottis
  • Bronchial Tree
  • Pharynx and Tonsils
A
  • Nasal and oral cavity 4,5
  • Pharynx and Tonsils 1
  • Larynx and epiglottis 6
  • Trachea 7
  • Bronchial Tree 2,3
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3
Q

Label the following:

A
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4
Q

Whats behind the maxillary bone?

A

The palatine bone!

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5
Q

Label the following:

A
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6
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The hole that leads into the trachea

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7
Q

What does it mean to have food go down the wrong pipe?

A

Food goes down the trachea instead of the esophagus because the epiglottis didn’t close the trachea off

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

To cover the glottis so that food and liquids don’t go into the trachea

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx?

A
  • Firm cartilage that doesn’t allow you to bend or crush the trachea when you bend your neck
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10
Q

Label the following:

  1. Cricoid cartilage
  2. Cricoid
  3. Epiglottis (two spots on the diagram)
  4. Thyroid
  5. Thyroid cartilage
A
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11
Q

What is special about the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage?

A

They are all singular?

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12
Q

What is special abour cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and arytenoid arytenoid?

A

They are all paired

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13
Q

Label the following image

A

13: False vocal folds
14: true vocal folds
15: glottis

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14
Q

What is the function of false vocal folds?

A

They help to dampen sound and make sure that we don’t squeak

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15
Q

Label the following image of the trachea and lung interface

A
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16
Q

Label the bottom image of tracheal histology

A
  1. Lumen of esophagus
  2. Trachealis muscle
  3. Lumen of Trachea
  4. Epithelial lining of trachea
  5. Tracheal cartilage
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17
Q

Lable the lung hilum and lobes

A
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18
Q

What lung (right or left) has the middle lobe and why does the other lung not have it?

A

The right lung has a middle lobe because the left lung has a cardiac notch for the heart

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19
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of?

A

2nd bronchi - 3rd bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs

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21
Q

What does the conducting zone do?

A

The conducting zone conditions and directs air to and from the respiratory zone

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22
Q

What does the respiratory zone do?

A

The respiratory zone is where gas is diffused across epithelial cells to and from the blood

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23
Q

Label this histology of the bronchioles and alveoli image

A
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24
Q

What do alveoli do?

A

They have simple squamous epithelium so that they can do gas exchange since simple squamous is short and thin

25
Q

What respiratory structures have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and why?

A

The following respiratory structures have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium because the cilia move mucus within the stuctures to remove junk or to move other junk around

  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Nasopharynx
  • Larynx (below vocal folds)
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
26
Q

What respiratory structures have stratified squamous epithelium and why?

A

The following respiratory structures have stratified squamous epithelium because they need to have a layer of tissue that can easily come off in little layers incase something gets stuck. (Think: The dorito that is stuck in your throat)

  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx (vocal folds and above)
27
Q

What are the following respiratory structures’ epithelium that are found in the lungs and why do they have the epithelium that they have?

  • Seconday bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • End of tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles, including terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
A
  • Seconday bronchi: Simple columnar with fewer cilia
  • Tertiary bronchi: Simple columnar; no cilia
  • End of tertiary bronchi: Simple cuboidal; no cilia
  • Bronchioles, including terminal bronchioles: Simple cuboidal; no cilia
  • Respiratory bronchioles: Begins as simple cuboidal; ends as simple squamous
  • Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli: Simple squamous

***They all have similar epithelium because at this part in the lungs they (the respiratory structures) are focusing on having thin layers for gas exchange

28
Q

What happens to lung elasticity when you smoke?

A
  • Elasticity decreases which cause lung compliance to decrease
  • Cilia is also damaged and destroyed with smoking so ash and junk can’t get caught in the mucus and effectively moved out of the lungs
29
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Humidify incoming air

30
Q

Why are the oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and upper larynx lined with stratified squamous tissue?

A

It protects us from abrassion

31
Q

How do the lungs clean themselves?

A

Mucociliary escalator

32
Q

Where does the respiratory zone start?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

33
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
34
Q

What are the causes of pneumothorax?

A
35
Q

What are the three types of pneumothorax?

A
36
Q

What are signs and symptoms of pneumothorax?

A
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnea
  • Dry cough
  • Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Air from the pnemothorax can enter the chest and or neck -> subcutaneous emphysema
    • Thought to sound like rice krispies
  • Hamman sign/Hamman Crunch
    • Air in the mediastinum creates a crunching noise in sync with heartbreat
37
Q

What are diagnosis for pneumothorax?

A
38
Q

What are the treatments for pneumothorax?

A
39
Q

What is COPD?

A
40
Q

What are some symptoms and causes of COPD?

A
41
Q

What is cycstic fibrosis?

A
42
Q

What are symptoms, screenings, and treatments for cystic fibrosis?

A
43
Q

What two lung diseases commonly contribute to COPD?

A

Emphysema and Bronchitis

44
Q

What happens to the mucus lining in a patient with cystic fibrosis?

A

It becomes thick and sticky, which plug up lungs and inhibit cilia’s ability to “sweep” lungs

45
Q

Approximately, what is the lifespan for an individual with Cystic fibrosis?

A

Between 30-50 years old

46
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Oxygen and CO2 movement in atmosphere to lungs

47
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Oxygen and CO2 movement in lungs to capillaries

48
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Oxygen and CO2 movement in capillaries to tissues

49
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen and CO2 movement in tissues to cells

50
Q

What is boyles law?

A
51
Q

Label the muscles of inspiration

A

(1) sternocleidomastoid
(2) Scalenes
(3) pectoralis minor
(9) external intercostals
(10) diaphragm

52
Q

Label the muscles of expiration

A

(4) rectus abdominus
(5) external oblique
(6) internal oblique
(7) transversus abdominis
(8) internal intercostals

53
Q

What is TV?

A

TV = Tidal volume

54
Q

What is IRV?

A

IRV = Inspiration reserve volume

55
Q

What is ERV?

A

ERV = expirational reserve volume

56
Q

What is RV?

A

RV = Residual Volume

The volume that is left even when you exhale as much as you possibly can

57
Q

What is FRC? What is it made up of?

A

FRC = Functional Residual Capacity (RV + ERV)

Function: normal tidal breathing

Residual: left over

58
Q

What is VC?

A

VC = Vital capacity (IRV + TV + ERV)

Maximum value exhaled after maximal inspiration

59
Q

What is TLC?

A

TLC = Total lung capacity (IRV + TV + ERV + RV)

Physiology 202 (12 decks)

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