Lab 4 Flashcards
How do antigens and antibodies react?
An antigen will react with an antibody to create an immune response
Label these regions:
- Nasal and oral cavity
- Trachea
- Larynx and epiglottis
- Bronchial Tree
- Pharynx and Tonsils
- Nasal and oral cavity 4,5
- Pharynx and Tonsils 1
- Larynx and epiglottis 6
- Trachea 7
- Bronchial Tree 2,3
Label the following:
Whats behind the maxillary bone?
The palatine bone!
Label the following:
What is the glottis?
The hole that leads into the trachea
What does it mean to have food go down the wrong pipe?
Food goes down the trachea instead of the esophagus because the epiglottis didn’t close the trachea off
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
To cover the glottis so that food and liquids don’t go into the trachea
What is the purpose of the larynx?
- Firm cartilage that doesn’t allow you to bend or crush the trachea when you bend your neck
Label the following:
- Cricoid cartilage
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis (two spots on the diagram)
- Thyroid
- Thyroid cartilage
What is special about the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage?
They are all singular?
What is special abour cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and arytenoid arytenoid?
They are all paired
Label the following image
13: False vocal folds
14: true vocal folds
15: glottis
What is the function of false vocal folds?
They help to dampen sound and make sure that we don’t squeak
Label the following image of the trachea and lung interface
Label the bottom image of tracheal histology
- Lumen of esophagus
- Trachealis muscle
- Lumen of Trachea
- Epithelial lining of trachea
- Tracheal cartilage
Lable the lung hilum and lobes
What lung (right or left) has the middle lobe and why does the other lung not have it?
The right lung has a middle lobe because the left lung has a cardiac notch for the heart
What does the conducting zone consist of?
2nd bronchi - 3rd bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
What does the respiratory zone consist of?
Respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs
What does the conducting zone do?
The conducting zone conditions and directs air to and from the respiratory zone
What does the respiratory zone do?
The respiratory zone is where gas is diffused across epithelial cells to and from the blood
Label this histology of the bronchioles and alveoli image
What do alveoli do?
They have simple squamous epithelium so that they can do gas exchange since simple squamous is short and thin
What respiratory structures have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and why?
The following respiratory structures have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium because the cilia move mucus within the stuctures to remove junk or to move other junk around
- Nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx (below vocal folds)
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
What respiratory structures have stratified squamous epithelium and why?
The following respiratory structures have stratified squamous epithelium because they need to have a layer of tissue that can easily come off in little layers incase something gets stuck. (Think: The dorito that is stuck in your throat)
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx (vocal folds and above)
What are the following respiratory structures’ epithelium that are found in the lungs and why do they have the epithelium that they have?
- Seconday bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- End of tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles, including terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
- Seconday bronchi: Simple columnar with fewer cilia
- Tertiary bronchi: Simple columnar; no cilia
- End of tertiary bronchi: Simple cuboidal; no cilia
- Bronchioles, including terminal bronchioles: Simple cuboidal; no cilia
- Respiratory bronchioles: Begins as simple cuboidal; ends as simple squamous
- Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli: Simple squamous
***They all have similar epithelium because at this part in the lungs they (the respiratory structures) are focusing on having thin layers for gas exchange
What happens to lung elasticity when you smoke?
- Elasticity decreases which cause lung compliance to decrease
- Cilia is also damaged and destroyed with smoking so ash and junk can’t get caught in the mucus and effectively moved out of the lungs
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Humidify incoming air
Why are the oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and upper larynx lined with stratified squamous tissue?
It protects us from abrassion
How do the lungs clean themselves?
Mucociliary escalator
Where does the respiratory zone start?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is pneumothorax?
What are the causes of pneumothorax?
What are the three types of pneumothorax?
What are signs and symptoms of pneumothorax?
- Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Dry cough
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Air from the pnemothorax can enter the chest and or neck -> subcutaneous emphysema
- Thought to sound like rice krispies
- Hamman sign/Hamman Crunch
- Air in the mediastinum creates a crunching noise in sync with heartbreat
What are diagnosis for pneumothorax?
What are the treatments for pneumothorax?
What is COPD?
What are some symptoms and causes of COPD?
What is cycstic fibrosis?
What are symptoms, screenings, and treatments for cystic fibrosis?
What two lung diseases commonly contribute to COPD?
Emphysema and Bronchitis
What happens to the mucus lining in a patient with cystic fibrosis?
It becomes thick and sticky, which plug up lungs and inhibit cilia’s ability to “sweep” lungs
Approximately, what is the lifespan for an individual with Cystic fibrosis?
Between 30-50 years old
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Oxygen and CO2 movement in atmosphere to lungs
What is external respiration?
Oxygen and CO2 movement in lungs to capillaries
What is internal respiration?
Oxygen and CO2 movement in capillaries to tissues
What is cellular respiration?
Oxygen and CO2 movement in tissues to cells
What is boyles law?
Label the muscles of inspiration
(1) sternocleidomastoid
(2) Scalenes
(3) pectoralis minor
(9) external intercostals
(10) diaphragm
Label the muscles of expiration
(4) rectus abdominus
(5) external oblique
(6) internal oblique
(7) transversus abdominis
(8) internal intercostals
What is TV?
TV = Tidal volume
What is IRV?
IRV = Inspiration reserve volume
What is ERV?
ERV = expirational reserve volume
What is RV?
RV = Residual Volume
The volume that is left even when you exhale as much as you possibly can
What is FRC? What is it made up of?
FRC = Functional Residual Capacity (RV + ERV)
Function: normal tidal breathing
Residual: left over
What is VC?
VC = Vital capacity (IRV + TV + ERV)
Maximum value exhaled after maximal inspiration
What is TLC?
TLC = Total lung capacity (IRV + TV + ERV + RV)
