Lab 2 Flashcards
How much blood do we pump in a minute?
Same for all humans 4.5-5.5 L
Are the following large, medium, or small in diameter size?
- Vein
- Venules
- Capillary
- Artery
- Arteriole
- Vein: Large
- Venules: Medium
- Capillary: Small
- Artery: Large
- Arteriole: Medium
What is an example of vasodilation? Vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation: A because there is an increase in diameter
Vasoconstriction: C because there is a decrease in diameter
Lable the following tunic layers of a blood vessel
- (1) Tunica Interna -> Thin and slick to reduce friction and smooth flow
- (2) Endothelium
- (3) Basement membrane -> consists of extracellular matrix proteins
- (4) Internal Elastic Lamina
- (5) Tunica Media -> Vasoconstriction (blood pressure controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction)
- (6) Smooth muscle
- (7) External Elastic Lamina
- (8) Tunica Externa -> Structure and Support
Discuss Arteries vs. Veins and their correct order in the body’s systems
- Elastic Arteries (large)
- High pressure reservoir function
- Stretchy
- Muscular Arteries (medium)
- Thicker smooth muscle
- Distribute blood grossly
- Less elastic fibers, but both laminae still present
- Arterioles (small)
- No external elastic laminae
- Distribute blood finely
- Capillaries
- Venules
- No internal elastic lamina in venules (but have external)
- Very little amount of muscle
- Veins (don’t really constrict)
- Low pressure reservoir
- No elastic laminae
- Thinner walls overall
- Much larger lumens
- Thunica externia is slightly elastic
- Valves!!! Used to prevent backflow because blood goes against gravity and also veins wouldn’t funtion correctly without them
What are the features of a capillary? And what is their importance?
- Fenestration-tiny holes
- Intracellular Cleft-Holes between cells
- Tight junctions
- Vesicles for transcytosis-invaginations of the membrane
- These are important because they allow the capillaries to exchange nutrients and waste
What are three different types of capillaries?
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Sinusoid/Discontinued
What are some features of cardiac muscle histology?
- Cellular features
- Sarcomeres
- Branching
- Intercalated Disks
- Striations
What is the purpose of valves in veins?
They prevent back up. Varicose veins are a good example of this when blood backs up and pools in the vein becoming insufficient and large
Beside your heart, what else pumps blood?
- Muscle Pump
- Respiratory Pump
- When you breathe in it pulls on your thoracic cavity and the heart stretched so more blood can come in and then when it goes back to normal shape it pumps the blood out
- Counterflow
What is pressure? blood pressure? how do we measure blood pressure? what are we actually measuring when we measure blood pressure?
- Pressure is a force distributed over an area
- Blood pressure is pressure pushing on the blood vessel walls
- We measure blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer which is a blood pressure cuff
- When we measure blood pressure we are actually measuring korotkoff sounds
Summarize blood pressure measuring
- At the third step, systole has a turbulant flow
- Fourth step, you’re listening for lack of sound for distole
What does systolic and diastolic pressure mean?
Systolic: arterial pressure when heart is contracting
Diastolic: pressure while heart reflexes (between contractions)
Increasing blood vessel diameter (vasodilation) ___________ resistance and __________ BP
Increasing blood vessel diameter (vasodilation) decreases resistance and lowers BP
Decreasing blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) ________ resistance and ________ BP
Decreasing blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) increases resistance and raises BP
What is the average blood pressure?
120/80
What is hypertension?
- High blood pressure
- defined as stage 1 hypertension with BP <130/80 (mmHg), htough elevated BP is considered anything above 120/80
- A public health issue due to increasing the risk of heart/cardiovascular diseases (#1 killer in US)
Who is at risk for hypertension?
High risk groups: age groups 40-59 (33.2%), 60 and over (63.1%)
What are symptoms of Hypertension? Does it have symptoms?
Hypertension can be asymptomatic hence being called the “Silent Killer”
- Signs and symptoms includes
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Chest pain
- Vision problems
What are hypertension treatments?
- Lifestyle changes (incorporating exercise, consuming less salt)
- Medications (diuretics, ACE ingibitors, beta blockers)
What are causes and risk factors of primary and secondary hypertension?
What are hypertension complications?
- Uncontrolled hypertension can increase the risk of heart attack (myocardial infarctiob) and stroke due to atherosclerosis
- Damages blood vessels
- Aneurysm (bulging blood vessels)
- Vision loss
- Cognitive impairment
- Heart failure
What is hypotension?
- Low blood pressure
- Defined as BP <90/60 (mmHg)
What are three types of hypotensions?
- Orthostatic
- Neurally mediated hypotension
- Severe hypotension linked to shock
What are symptoms of hypotension? Does it have symptoms?
- Hypotension is asymptomatic and it typically doesn’t cause serious health issues
- Signs and symptoms
- Dizziness
- Rapid/shallow breathing
- Lack of concentration
- Fatigue
- Syncope
- Clammy, cold, and pale skin
- Blurred vision
What are treatments for hypotension
- Consume more salt, drink more water, wear compression stockings
- Eat small, low carb meals
What are causes of Hypotension?
What are some hypotension complications?
- Extreme hypotension is life-threatening due to lack of oxygen to organs
What is Atrioventricular Valve Blockage?
- An interruption of the impulse transmission between the atria and the ventricles
- Electrical signals from the atrioventricular node become blocked
- Results in irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
- Diagnosed by an ECG
- 3 degrees of AV blockage exist, each degree representing the extent of electrical signal impairment
- first and second degree blocks are partial and third degree blocks are complete
What are AV block treatments?
- 1st degree: no treatment necessary
- 2nd degree: pacemaker installation to maintain heart rhythm
What are AV Block causes?
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Fibrosis and sclerosis (scarring) of the heart’s conduction system
- Drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
- Genetic disorders and congenital heart disease
What is Myocardial infarction MI?
Heart Attack!!!!
Due to a blockage of blood flow to the heart, often due to a buildup of fat/cholesterol that lead to plaque in the coronary arteries
What are the symptoms of Myocardial infarction?
- Dizziness
- Pressure, tightness, pain that radiated to arm/jaw/back
- Heartburn or abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Indigestion
- Shortness of breath
- Cold sweat
What are treatments for Myocardial Infarction?
- Call 911!!!
- Take an aspirin
- Oxygen
- Nitroglycerin
What are some Myocardial Infarction causes and risk factors?
- Age
- Tobacco use
- Hypertension
- HIgh cholesterol or high triglyceride levels
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Family history
- Stress
- Lack of exercise
Memorize these anatomical terms!
Draw the thoracic arteries
Draw the cephaluc arteries
Draw the circle of willis
Draw the upper appendage arteries
Draw the abdomen arteries
Draw the arteries on the celiac trunk
Draw the lower appendage arteries
Draw the thoracic and cephalic veins
Draw the deep veins of the upper appendages
Draw the superficial veins of the upper appendage
Draw the thoracic (and abdominal) veins
Draw the abdominal veins
Draw the deep lower appendage veins?
Draw the superficial lower appendage vein
What does the thyroid do and where are the thyroid arteries and veins?
What makes something special circulation?
Jumping from one capillary bed to the next
What are the functions of the Hepatic Portal Function?
- Nutrient Storage
- Primary Blood filtratiom for various toxins including pharmaceuticals
- AKA First Pass Metabolism
What are the hepatic portal circulation veins?
***Do not confuse hepatic portal vein with hepatic vein
Look at how the hepatic portal vein works with the liver and body
What serves as the lungs for a fetus?
The placenta! It literally breathes for it. The placenta has capillary beds that interact with the capillary beds of the mom
What is a shunt and what shunts are their in fetal circulation?
A shunt is a little passage that takes blood from one place and brings it to another typically to bypass an organ
- In development, Foramen Ovale becomes Fossa Ovalis
- Ductus Arteriosum becomes Ligmentum Arteriosum
Discuss blood flow and development in the fetus
- The umbilical arteries carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the placenta branching off from the internal illiac arteries
- These become the medial umbilical ligaments through development
- Umbilical vein merges into a structure called the ductus venosus which carries oxygenated blood to the right atrium via the IVC
- In development, ductus venous become ligamentum venosum
- In development, umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres
We have 1 umbilical vein, how many umbilical arteries do we have?
We have one umbilical vein that brings nutrients from placenta to baby and two umbilical arteries that bring waste back to the placenta from the baby
