Practical 3 Flashcards
1
Q
functions of the digestive system
A
break down foods, release their nutrients, absorb nutrients into the body
2
Q
where does the majority of digestion occur
A
small intestine
3
Q
accessory organs
A
help breakdown food and with absorbtion
4
Q
alimentary canal function
A
nourish the body through digestion and absorbtion
5
Q
the alimentary canal begins at the ___ and ends at the ___
A
mouth, anus
6
Q
when is food and waste considered in the body
A
after absorbtion
7
Q
main layers of the alimentary canal from lumen out
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
8
Q
layers of the mucosa
A
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
9
Q
mucosa epithelium of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus
A
non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
mucosa epithelium of the stomach and intestines
A
simple columnar epithelium
11
Q
goblet cells are located
A
in the mucosa epithelium
12
Q
goblet cells function
A
secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen
13
Q
enteroendocrine cells are located
A
in the mucosa epithelium
14
Q
enteroendocrine function
A
secrete hormones into the interstitial spaces
15
Q
lamina propia consists of
A
loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels
16
Q
which layer of the mucosa has an immune function
A
lamina propia
17
Q
MALT stands for
A
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
18
Q
muscularis mucosae function
A
create folds in the stomach and small intestine to increase surface area
19
Q
the submucosa is made of
A
dense connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, submucosal glands, submucosal plexus
20
Q
layers of the muscularis externa
A
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
21
Q
what type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa
A
smooth muscle
22
Q
contraction of the muscularis externa allows for
A
mechanical digestion, food exposition to digestive chemicals, movement through the canal
23
Q
where is the muscularis externa made of skeletal muscle
A
most proximal and distal regions
24
Q
skeletal muscle in the muscularis externa allows for
A
voluntary control of swallowing and defaction
25
in what organ is the third layer (s) of the muscularis externa
stomach, colon
26
serosa is present in which region of the alimentary canal
the abdominal cavity
27
the serosa is made of
visceral peritoneum and loose connective tissue
28
what layer does the upper portion of the alimentary canal have instead of serosa
the adventita
29
the peritoneum is made of
a broad serous membranous sac of simple squamous epithelial tissue and connective tissue
30
purpose of the peritoneum
to hold digestive organs in place
31
regions of the the peritoneum
parietal and visceral
32
the parietal peritoneum is located
lining the abdominal wall
33
the visceral peritoneum is located
enveloping the abdominal organs
34
what is the purpose of the folds of the visceral peritoneum
to hold abdominal organs to the dorsal surface of the body
35
greater omentum
apron like structure superficial to small intestine where fat deposition occurs
36
falciform ligament anchors
the liver the abdominal wall and diaphragm
37
lesser omentum
suspends the stomach and provides a pathway to the liver
38
mesentery
vertical band of tissue that anchors the small intestine to the lumbar vertebrae
39
mesocolon attaches
attaches portions of the large intestine to the abdominal wall
40
oral cavity functions
ingestion of food, sensory process, chewing, chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, air intake
41
what muscles contract when you chew and speak
buccinator muscle and orbicularis oris
42
the hard palate separates
the oral and nasal cavities
43
uvula
keeps food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
44
epithelium of the outer lips
keratinized, stratified squamous skin
45
epithelium of the inner lip
vascular and some keratin
46
mucous membrane of the cheeks and tongue have what epithelium
non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
47
functions of pharynx
receives food and air
48
make up of the pharynx
skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane
49
subregions of the pharynx from superior to inferior
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharyn
50
pharynx epithelium
non keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
51
esophagus function
pass food from pharynx to stomach
52
upper esophageal sphincter
controls movement of food
53
lower esophageal food
relaxes to allow food to pass to the stomach
54
esophagus histology
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
55
stomach functions
beginning of digestion and food storage
56
stomach contractions allow
mechanical digestion
57
regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
58
cardia
point where the esophagus connects with the stomach
59
the pylorus connects
the stomach to the duodenum
60
greater curvature
convex lateral surface of the stomach
61
epithelial lining of the stomach
simple columnar epithelium
62
cells of gastric glands
parietal cells, chief cells, mucous neck cells, enteroendocrine cells
63
parietal cells secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
64
chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
65
mucous neck cells secrete
acidic mucus
66
longest part of the alimentary canal
small intestine
67
regions of the small intestine from stomach to large intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
68
in what part of the small intestine is bile and pancreatic juice released
duodenum
69
unique feature of the walls of the small intestine
villi, circular folds, and microvilli
70
circular fold
deep ridge in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine that causes chyme to spiral to allow absorption
71
villi
hairlike vascularized projections that increase the surface area of the mucosa
72
what type of food must be absorbed by lacteals
lipids
73
what types of foods can enter the bloodstream directly
carbs and proteins
74
microvilli
extensions of the plasma membrane that have enzymes to help with digestion
75
where is intestinal juice produced
intestinal glands/crypts of the small intestine
76
Peyer's patches
clusters of lymphatic tissue in the small intestine mucosa that keep bacteria from entering the bloodstream
77
functions of the large intestine
nutrient and water absorption, vitamin synthesis, feces formation, feces elimination
78
regions of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
79
what controls the flow of chyme from the small to large intestine
ileocecal valve
80
cecum
receives contents from the ileum and absorbs water and salts
81
segments of the colon from entry to exit
ascending, right colic flexure, transverse, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon
82
rectal valves
internal folds that separate feces from gas
83
the internal anal sphincter is made of ____ muscle and is under ____ control
smooth, involuntary
84
the external anal sphincter is made of ____ muscle and is under ____ control
skeletal, voluntary
85
the large intestine has few ___ cells and many ___ cells
enzyme secreting, goblet
86
unique features of the large intestine
teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages
87
teniae coli
band of smooth muscle that make up the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
88
haustra
pouches formed by tonic contractions
89
major salivary glands
submandibular, sublingual, parotid glands
90
submandibular glands
secrete saliva through submandibular ducts from the floor of the mouth
91
sublingual glands
secrete saliva into the oral cavity from under the tongue
92
parotid glands
secrete saliva into the mouth through the parotid duct from near the ars
93
saliva is made of
water, ions, glycoproteins, enzymes, growth factors, waste products
94
salivary amylase
initiates the breakdown of carbs in the mouth
95
largest gland in the body
liver
96
primary lobes of the liver
right lobe and left lobe
97
which lobe of the liver is bigger
right
98
lobes of the right lobe of the liver
inferior quadrate, posterior caudate
99
ligaments that attach the liver to the abdominal wall and diaphragm
falciform, coronary, laterals, and ligamentum teres hepatis
100
porta hepatis
where hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver
101
components of the liver
hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, hepatic sinusoids
102
hepatocyte
main cell type of the liver that has secretory, metabolic, and endocrine functions
103
bile canaliculus
ducts that accumulate bile produced by hepatocytes that eventually join the common bile duct to flow into the small intestine
104
hepatic sinusoid
open blood space of fenestrated capillaries that give hepatocytes access to blood
105
acinus
grape like cells clusters that secrete enzymic pancreatic juice
106
islets of Langerhans
groups of endocrine cells throughout the pancreas
107
gallbladder functions
stores, concentrates, and transports bile to the duodenum
108
regions of the gallbladder
head, neck, cystic duct
109
purpose of gallbladder mucosa
absorbs water and ions from bile to concentrate it
110
digestion of proteins begins in ____ via ____
stomach, HCl and enzymes
111
functions of the urinary system
cleansing the blood, excrete waste, pH regulation, blood pressure regulation, blood solute concentration regulation, erythropoiesis stimulation
112
kidney failure symptoms
weakness, lethargy, shortness of breath anemia, edema, acidosis, etc
113
incontinence
failure of nervous system control over urination
114
is the 0right or left kidney located higher
left
115
fibrous renal capsule
covering of connective tissue that shapes and protects the kidney
116
purpose of the renal fat pad and renal fascia
anchor the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
117
renal hilum
entry and exit site for service structures
118
renal columns
connective tissue extensions that separate features from the cortex through the medulla
119
the outer region of the kidney is called the ____ and the inner region is called the ____
cortex, medulla
120
the kidney lobes are created by
the renal pyramids and columns
121
renal papillae
blunt point of the renal pyramid that is made of collecting ducts that transport urine
122
flow of blood through the arteries of the kidney
abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
123
the segmental arteries are located in
the renal sinus
124
the arcuate arteries are located between
the medulla and cortex
125
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries where filtration occurs
126
what occurs in the peritubular capillaries
reabsorption and secretion
127
vasa recta produce
concentrated urine
128
capillary beds of the kidney
glomeruli, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
129
cleansed blood is returned to the
inferior vena cava
130
nephrons
functional units of the kidney that cleanse blood and balance circulation molecules
131
what molecules cannot pass through the nephron filtration membrane
blood cells, platelets, antibodies, albumen
132
glomerular capsule
thin double walled capsule surrounding a glomerular
133
renal corpuscle
glomerulus and its capsule, where filtration takes place in the nephron
134
proximal convoluted tubule
maximize reabsorption and secretion with the microvilli brush border of simple cuboidal cells
135
after going through the PCT, filtrate proceeds to the ____ ____ and then the ____
Nephron Loop and distal convoluted tubule
136
wastes collected in the nephron are concentrated in the
collecting duct
137
Flow of filtrate after leaving the collecting ducts
minor calyces, major calyces, large renal pelvis, ureters
138
as urine passes through the ureter, it is propelled by
peristalsis
139
layers of the ureter
inner mucosa, thick muscular, outer adventitial layer
140
inner mucosa layer of the ureter
lined with transitional epithelium and goblet cells
141
thick muscular layer of the ureter
longitudinal and circular smooth muscle to create peristalsis
142
outer adventitial layer
composed of collagen and fat that anchors the ureters to the parietal peritoneum
143
functions of the male reproductive system
produce sperm, store and transfer sperm to the female tract, and secrete hormones
144
functions of the female reproductive system
produce and store oocytes, produce hormones, support the developing fetus, deliver a fetus, nourish the offspring
145
testes
paired gonads
146
testes produce
sperm and androgen hormones
147
major structures associated with male gamete production and transportation
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis
148
androgens
hormones that support the male reproductive function such as testosterone
149
scrotum
skin-covered muscular sack behind the penis that houses the testes
150
why is important for the scrotum to help regulate teste temperature
for sperm production and storage
151
the scrotum moves the testes further or closer to the abdomen using what structures
cremaster muscle and dartos fascia
152
outer tunica vaginalis
double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the testes
153
tunica albuginea
tough connective tissue layer that covers the testis and forms the septa
154
seminiferous tubules
primary site of sperm production in the testes
155
seminiferous tubule is composed of
developing sperm cells surrounding a lumen
156
rete testes
the duct system of the testis into which sperm is released
157
where do sperm mature in the testes
epididymis
158
spermatogonia
stem cells of the testis
159
spermatogenesis
process beginning with spermatogonia and ending with sperm production
160
epididymis
coiled tube attached to the testis where newly formed sperm continue to mature
161
ductus deferens
thick muscular tube that connects the scrotum to the internal body
162
vasectomy
cutting and sealing a section of the ductus deferens to sterilize
163
ejaculatory duct
short structure that transports sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra
164
accessory glands of the male reproductive system
seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral gland
165
what do the accessory glands produce
semen
166
seminal vesicles
contribute the most of semen volume
167
prostate gland
sits anterior to the rectum and mixes sperm and seminal secretion to create semen
168
bulbourethral gland
final addition to semen that cleans urine residue and provides a lubricant during sexual arousal
169
penis
male organ of copulation
170
regions of the penis
prostatic, membranous, and spongy
171
corpus cavernosum
two large, lateral chamber columns of the penis
172
corpus spongiosum
small chamber column of the penis that surrounds the urethra
173
penile erection
tissue engorgement because of increased blood flow through release of nitric oxide
174
glans
end of the penis with a high concentration of nerves
175
foreskin
collar of skin around the glans
176
cycles of the female reproductive system
reproductive cycle and sexual cycle
177
reproductive cycle
period of time between egg fertilization, birth of an offspring, and a return to fertility
178
sexual cycle of the female reproductive system
pattern of events when pregnancy doesn't occur
179
cycles of the sexual cycle
ovarian and menstrual cycle
180
the ovarian cycle focuses on what organ
ovary
181
the menstrual cycle focuses on events of what organ
the uterus
182
ovaries
female gonads that produce oocyte gametes
183
ovarian surface epithelium
outer most covering of the ovary made of cuboidal epithelium
184
tunica albuginea
deep dense connective tissue layer of the ovary
185
follicle
oocyte and its supporting cells
186
mesovarium
extension of the peritoneum that connects the ovaries to the broad ligament
187
the ovary is attached to the uterus via
the ovarian ligament
188
oogenesis
production of female gametes
189
folliculogenesis
growth and development of ovarian follicles
190
oogonia
ovarian stem cells
191
when are primary oocytes formed
in the fetal ovary prior to birth
192
what material of a developing embryo are always of maternal origin
cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
193
atresia
degeneration of ovarian follicles
194
ovarian follicle stages
primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, mature
195
luteinization
granulosa and theca cells in the follicle transform the follicle into the corpus luteum
196
luteinization is triggered by
luteinizing hormone
197
progesterone is produced because
to establish and maintain pregnancy and prevent new follicle development
198
secondary sex organs in the female system
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
199
uterine tubes
the conduit of the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus
200
fimbriae
finger-like projections of the uterine tube that project around the ovary as the infundibulum
201
ampulla
section of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs
202
isthmus
narrow end of the uterine tube that connects to uterus
203
layers of the uterine tube
outer serosa, middle smooth muscle, inner mucosal layer
204
high levels of estrogen around ovulation allows
contractions along the uterine tube to move the oocyte toward the uterus
205
uterus
muscular organ that nourishes and supports the growing embryo
206
sections tothe uterus
fundus, body, and internal os
207
layers of the uterine wall from superficial to internal
perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
208
layers of the endometrium
stratum basalis and stratus functionalis
209
which layer of the uterus sheds during menustration
stratum functionalis
210
function of the stratum functionalis
inner layer of the uterus that is the site of implantation for a fertilized egg
211
vagina
muscular canal that is the entrance to the reproductive tract
212
walls of the vagina
outer fibrous adventitia, middle layer of smooth muscle, and inner mucous membrane
213
typical range of the ovarian cycle
28 days
214
typical range of menstrual cycle length
21-32 days
215
phases of the menstrual cycle
proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases
216
proliferative phase
follicles of the ovary produce increase estrogen as the endometrial lining rebuilds
217
secretory phase
process of the pick up and transfer of the ovulated oocyte through progesterone release to prepare for implantation
218
menstrual phase
the lining of the uterus sheds, about 5 days
219
vulva
external female reproductive structure
220
mons pubis
pad of fat covering the pubic bone
221
function of the breasts
to supply milk to an infant
