Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Glucagon is released from
A
pancreatic islet cells
2
Q
glucagon target
A
body cells
3
Q
glucagon effect
A
regulates blood glucose levels
4
Q
parathyroid hormone is released from
A
predominant chief of the parathyroid
5
Q
parathyroid hormone target
A
osteoclasts
6
Q
parathyroid hormone effects
A
increases calcium absorption and reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules
7
Q
cortisol is released from
A
zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
8
Q
cortisol targets
A
proteins and fats
9
Q
cortisol effects
A
break down proteins and fats and react to stress
10
Q
testosterone is released from
A
gonads
11
Q
testosterone targets
A
testes/ovaries
12
Q
testosterone effects
A
sex drive, muscle mass/strength, sperm in males
13
Q
aldosterone is released from
A
zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
14
Q
aldosterone targets
A
kidney, colon
15
Q
aldosterone effects
A
reabsorption Na+, release of K+ to regulate fluid homeostasis
16
Q
estrogens are released from
A
gonads
17
Q
estrogens target
A
ovaries/testes
18
Q
estrogens effect
A
sex drive, mood swings
19
Q
thyroid hormone is released from
A
follicles of the thyroid
20
Q
thyroid hormone targets
A
most organs
21
Q
thyroid hormone effects
A
increased heart rate, increased protein synthesis, increased parafollicular cells
22
Q
insulin is released from
A
pancreas
23
Q
insulin targets
A
liver
24
Q
insulin effects
A
regulate blood glucose levels
25
epinephrine is released from
the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
26
epinephrine targets
liver and skeletal muscles
27
epinephrine effects
increase glucose levels to increase sympathetic system levels
28
oxytocin is released from the
paraventricular nuclei of the posterior pituitary
29
antidiuretic hormone is released from
the supraoptic nuclei of the posterior pituitary
30
oxytocin targets
female reproductive system, emotions
31
oxytocin effects
stimulation of uterine contractions and dilation in childbirth, feelings of love
32
antidiuretic hormone targets
kidney
33
antidiuretic effects
solute concentration of the blood
34
LH is identified by its effects on an
increase in adrenal, decrease in thymus, body mass
35
TRH is identified by its effects on an
increase in pituitary and thyroid size, decrease in body weight
36
ACTH is identified by its effects on an
increase in adrenal size, decrease in body weight and thymus
37
TSH is identified by its effects on an
increase in pituitary and thyroid size, decrease in body weight
38
testosterone is identified by its effect on
increase in seminal vesicles, prostrate, body weight, not testicles
39
cortisol is identified by its effects on a
decrease in body and thymus mass
40
the space that the heart is located is called the
mediastinum
41
the heart is separated from other structures by the
pericardium
42
the great veins are attached to
the superior surface of the heart/base
43
the inferior tip of the heart is called the
apex
44
the right side of the heart is deflected
anteriorly
45
the left side of the heart is deflected
posteriorly
46
the cardiac notch
depression on the left lung where the apex deviates into
47
pericardium
membrane that surrounds the heart
48
sublayers of the pericardium
outer fibrous, inner serous
49
the pericardial cavity is filled with
lubricating serous fluid
50
auricle
leaf like extension of the atria
51
sulcus
fat filled grooves along the superior surface
52
the deep coronary sulcus is located between
the atria and ventricles
53
layers of the wall of the heart from outer to inner
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
54
the epicardium is also known as the
visceral pericardium
55
contraction of which layer of the heart pumps blood
myocardium
56
which side of ventricles has thicker muscle
left
57
the atria receive/pump blood from/into the body
receive blood from the body
58
the ventricles receive/pump blood from/into the body
pump blood into the body
59
importance of valve
ensure unidirectional flow of blood
60
valves between atria and ventricles are known as
atrioventricular valves
61
valves that open to the pulmonary trunk and aorta are known as
semilunar valves
62
the right atrioventricular valve is called the
tricuspid valve
63
the tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve are anchored by
choarade tendinae and papillary muscles
64
the left atrioventricular valve is called
the bicuspid/mitral valve
65
the aortic valve prevents
backflow from the aorta
66
pulmonary system transports
blood to and from the lungs
67
systemic circuit transports
blood to body tissues and back
68
what is the purpose of coronary circulation
to supply oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes from cardiomyocyte
69
coronary arteries
supply blood to the myocardium
70
anastomosis
area where vessels unite to form connections around blockage
71
the circumflex artery arises from
the left coronary artery
72
the marginal arteries arise from
the right coronary artery
73
coronary veins
drain the heart
74
characteristics of cardiomyocytes
intercalated discs, striations, one nuclei
75
tissue layer of ateries and veins are called
tunics
76
layers of tunics from outer to inner
tunica externa, media, intima
77
lumen
hollow passageway through which blood flows
78
do arteries or veins have bigger lumens
veins
79
arteries or veins have thicker walls
arteries
80
thickest layer of artery tunic
tunica media
81
thickest layer of tunics in veins
tunica externa
82
layers on the tunica intima from outer to inner
connective tissue and fiber, basement membrane, endothelium
83
where is the endothelium found
lining the entire vascular system
84
where is the internal elastic membrane found
in large arteries
85
which layer of the tunic appears wavy in ateries
tunica intima
86
how does the diameter of blood vessels change
through contraction/relaxation of the circular muscles of the tunica media
87
vasoconstriction
decreased blood flow
88
vasodilation
increased blood flow
89
the external elastic membrane is found
in between the tunica media and externa of large arteries
90
purpose of the tunica externa
hold vessels in place
91
do veins or arteries appear more circular in shape
arteries
92
arteries conduct blood to/away from heart
away from
93
veins conduct blood to/away from heart
to
94
arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
95
veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated
96
elastic arteries are found
closest to the heart
97
examples of elastic arteries
aorta, pulmonary trunk
98
type of artery with the thickest walls
elastic artery
99
muscular artery is known as a
distributing artery
100
elastic artery in known as a
conducting artery
101
role of muscular artery
vasoconstriction, distribute blood
102
role of elastic artery
accept large amounts of blood from the heart
103
examples of muscular arteries
brachial, femoral, and renal arteries
104
arteriole
small artery that leads to a capillary
105
arteriole importance
resist and regulate blood pressure
106
capillary
microscopic channel that supplies blood to tissues and exchanges gases
107
perfusion
supply of blood to bodily tissues
108
layers of capillary wall from outer to inner
basement membrane, endothelial layer
109
capillaries are leaky/sealed
leaky
110
types of capillaries vary based on
degree of leakiness
111
veins are considered
blood reservoirs
112
amount of blood held in a vein can be adjusted by
the contraction of the walls
113
venule
small vein formed by multiple capillaries
114
the pulmonary trunk exists
the right ventricle
115
the pulmonary trunk branches into
the lungs
116
the left ventricle pumps blood to the
body
117
the right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs
118
LAB RAT
Left Atrium Bicuspid
Right Atrium Tricuspid
119
The AV node supplies electrical connection
between the atria and ventricle
120
electrocardiogram
recording of the electrical activity of the heart
121
greater the number of leads used
the more information the ECG provides
122
lead
voltage difference between two electrodes
123
P wave indicates
atrial depolarization
124
QRS indicates
ventricular depolarization
125
t wave indicates
ventricular repolarization
126
PR wave indicates
duration from beginning of atrial depolarization to the initiation of QRS complex
127
cardiac cycle
period of time of atrial contraction to ventricular relaxation
128
systole
myocardial contraction
129
diastole
period of myocardial relaxation
130
blood flow in systole
from veins through atria, and into ventricles
131
blood flow in systole
from atria into ventricles and then arteries
132
s1 occurs
with the closure of AV valves in ventricular contraction
133
s2 occurs
with the closure of SL valves in ventricular diastole
134
heart murmur
unusual sound coming from the heart by a turbulent flow of blood
135
murmurs are graded from to , from to serious
1 to 6, least to most
136
breathing deeply in auscultation allows
for amplifying heart murmurs
137
inhalation increases/decreases blood flow
increases
138
expiration increases/decreases blood flow
decreases
139
wiggers diagram
coordination of electrical and mechanical events
140
importance of wiggers diagram
temporary relationship between different parameters
141
arterial BP is the highest
after ventricular contraction
142
arterial blood pressure is lowest
as ventricles relax
143
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
144
direct measurement of arterial blood pressure
plastic tube of saline is connected to a vein to find the Central venous pressure (6-11 mmHg)
145
indirect measurement of blood pressure
auscultatory measurement using a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope on the arm
146
how is blood pressure cuff pressure written
systolic/diastolic
147
blood pressure cuffs are best placed on the upper arm
because it is at the same level as the heart
148
baroreflex
negative feedback mechanism to increase blood pressure in the brain if needed
149
what is the pulse felt in the arteries
elastic recoil of the vessel to the pumping blood
150
hypertension
chronic resting blood pressure of above 140/90 mmHg
151
essential hypertension
no recognized cause, lifestyle and history only
152
secondary hypertension
recognized cause such as increased corticoid or epinephrine production, chronic renal disease, aortic coarctation
153
adrenal steroids cause hypertension
steroids cause increased salt reabsorption in kidneys and fluid retention
154
epinephrine causes hypertension by
arteriolar vasoconstrictionn
155
chronic renal disease increases hypertension through
fluid retention and poor kidney perfusion
156
coarctation of the aorta causes hypertension by
increased resistance to blow flow by narrowing of aorta
157
atherosclerosis triggers
clotting resulting in thrombus
158
Korotkoff sounds
first sound of blood pressure, systolic
