Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
heaviest element of blood is
A
RBC
2
Q
the buffy layer is made of
A
WBCs and platlets
3
Q
component of blood with the largest volume
A
plasma
4
Q
plasma is made of
A
water and proteins
5
Q
proteins found in plasma
A
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
6
Q
formed elements of blood
A
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
7
Q
RBC function
A
pick up oxygen in lungs and deliver it to tissues, pick up co2 and waste from tissues and deliver it to lungs
8
Q
RBC structure
A
biconcave discs
9
Q
RBCs contain what molecule
A
hemoglonin
10
Q
hemoglobinis made of
A
proteins and iron
11
Q
anemia
A
lack of RBCs or hemoglobin
12
Q
types of anemia
A
blood loss, faulty/decreased RBC production, excessive destruction of RBCs
13
Q
polycythemia
A
elevated RBC count
14
Q
polycythemia is caused by
A
dehydration
15
Q
WBC function
A
defense against disease and debris cleaup
16
Q
two types of WBCs
A
granulocytes and agranulocytes
17
Q
granulocytes
A
have a lobed nucleus and highly visible granules
18
Q
three types of granulocytes
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
19
Q
neutrophils show up best
A
in stains that are chemically neutral
20
Q
neutrophil characteristics
A
large, numerous and fine granules, lilac in color, 2-5 lobed nucleus
21
Q
neutrophil function
A
respond to infection sites and act as phagocytes
22
Q
high count of neutrophiles indicated
A
infection and inflammation
23
Q
low count of neutrophils indicates
A
drug toxicity and infection susceptibility
24
Q
eosinophils stain best in
A
eosin acidic stain
25
eosinophil characteristics
2-3 lobed nucleus, red orange color
26
eosinophil function
antihistamine, fight worms
27
high count of eosinophils indicates
allergies, parasites, autoimmune disease
28
low count of eosinophils indicates
drug toxicity and stress
29
basophils show best in what stain
basic stain
30
basophil characteristics
small, large granules, blue stain, 2 lobed nucleus
31
low count of basophils indicate
pregnancy, stress, hyperthyroidism
31
basophil function
inflammation, release histamines
31
agranulocytes
have smaller, less visible granules
32
high count of basophils indicate
allergies, hypothyroidisim, parasitic infection
33
two types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
34
three types of lymphocytes
natural killer cells, B cells, t cells
35
nk cell function
recognize cancer and viruses
36
B and T cells function
specific immunity
37
high lymphocyte count indicates
viral infections and cancer
38
low lymphocyte count indicates
chronic illness, immunosuppression
39
mis-shaped lymphocytes indicate
infectious mononucleosis
40
monocyte characteristics
large size, horseshoe-shaped nucleus
41
macrophages
monocytes that have left circulation
42
high microphage count indicates
infection, tuberculosis, leukemia, chronic disease
43
low monocyte count indicates
suppression of bone marrow
44
leukopenia
too few leukocytes produced
45
lumphoma
cancer of masses of lymphocytes
46
leukemia
cancer of abundance of leukocytes
47
platlet
fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell
48
platelet function
limit blood loss
49
antigens
substances not recognized as self
50
antibodies
proteins that attach to antigens and adhere to one another
51
two groups of antigens
ABO and Rh blood groups
52
ABO blood type
presence or absence of A and B antigens
53
Blood type A
erythrocytes have A antigens on membrane surfaces
54
Blood type B
erythrocytes have B antigens on membrane surfaces
55
blood type AB
both A and B antigens are on erythrocyte membranes
56
Blood type O
neither A or B antigens are on erythrocyte membranes
57
Individuals with type A blood have what anti-bodies
Anti-B antibodies
58
type B blood types have what type of antibodies
Anti-A antibodies
59
type AB blood have what type of antibodies
neither
60
type O blood type have what type of antigens
anti A and B circulating in blood plasma
61
Rh blood group is classified by
presence or absence of Rh D antigen
62
Rh positive blood type
have Rh D antigen
63
Rh negative blood type
don't have Rh D antigen
64
universal donor
typer O- blood
65
universal recipient blood type
AB +
66
systemic veins return
low O2 blood to the right atrium
67
largest artery in the body
aorta
68
aorta consists of
ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta
69
sternal angle
change of direction of the ascending aorta
70
branches of the aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
71
the brachiocephalic artery branches into
the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
72
the brachiocephalic trunk is located on which side of the body
right
73
subclavian artery supplies
arms, chest, shoulders, back, CNS
74
carotid arteries supply
head and neck
75
branches of the subclavian artery
internal thoracic artery, vertebral artery, thyrocervical artery
76
vertebral arteries supply
brain and spinal cord
77
large basilar artery
joining of vertebral arteries at the medulla oblongata
78
subclavian artery gives rise to
thyrocervical artery
79
thyrocervical artery supplies
thyroid, neck, upper back and shoulder
80
common carotid artery divides into
internal and external carotid arties
81
external carotid artery supplies
face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, larynx
82
internal carotid artery froms
carotid sinus
83
suppliers of blood to the brain
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
84
circle of willis
traffic circle of branches of the arteries in the cranial cavity
85
internal carotid artery branches into
the anterior and middle cerebral artery and the ophthalmic artery
86
anterior communicating artery
join of the right and left anterior cerebral arteries
87
basilar artery
join of the vertebral arteries
88
superior vena cava drains
most of the superior body
89
subclavian vein
formation of the axillary vein from the axillary region
90
brachiocephalic vein
fusion of the subclavian and juglar veins
91
internal juglar veins receive blood from
brain and superficial facial veins
92
external jugular vein receives blood from
superficial head, scalp, and cranial
93
intracranial sinuses
larger vessels that help circulate blood in the brain to jugular or vertebral veins
94
thoracic aorta branches into
bronchial arteries, pericardial arteries, esophageal arteries, mediastinal arteries
95
bronchial arteries supply
lungs and visceral pleura
96
pericardial arteries supply
pericadrium
97
azygos vein drains
the thorax
98
the azygos vein flows into
the superior vena cava
99
the thoracic aorta is called the abdominal aorta when it
crosses the diaphragm
100
the abdominal aorta gives rise to
the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, inferior phrenic arteries, adrenal arteries, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, lumbar arteries
101
inferior phrenic arteries supply
inferior diaphragm
102
the celiac trunk divides into the
left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery
103
left gastric artery supplies the
stomach and esophagus
104
common hepatic artery rises to
hepatic artery, right gastric artery, cystic artery
105
abdominal aorta divides into
superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
106
the aorta divides into the
left and right common iliac artery and median sacral artery
107
the iliac arteries provide blood to
pelvic region and lower limbs
108
lumbar veins drain into
the azygos vein or inferior vena cava
109
the diaphragm drains into
phrenic veins
110
hepatic portal system
nutrients and waste pass through the liver before leading to veins and the rest of the circulatory system
111
liver receives blood supply from
hepatic artery and the hepatic vein
112
processed blood from the liver flows into the
inferior vena cava
113
transient ischemic attack
briefly interrupted blood flow
114
circulation patterns are established by
week 4 of embryonic life
115
the heart begins beating by
day 21 post fertilization
116
umbilical vein
carries blood from the mother to fetal inferior vena cava
117
shunts
alternate paths of blood flow in a fetus
118
foramen ovale
opening in interatrial septum that allows blood to flow from right to left atrium
119
ductus arteriosus
connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
120
ductus venosus
temporary blood vessel directly from the umbilical vein to fetal heart
121
plasma makes up how much of whole blood
55%
122
anastomoses
two blood vessels previously branched reconnect
123
axillary artery
comes from the subclavian artery and becomes the brachial artery in the upper arm
124
brachial artery
comes from the axial artery and divides at the elbow
125
radial and ulnar arteries
come from the brachial arteries and follow the same bones to the wrist
126
palmar venous arches
unification of the digital veins
127
median antebrachial vein
parallel to the ulnar vein, joins the basilic vein at the forearm
128
basilic vein
goes from the forearm medially up to the axillary vein
129
the median cubital vein branches off
the median antebrachial vein
130
most common site for drawing venous blood
median cubital vein
131
cephalic vein
begins in the antebrachium and drains in the superficial arm, very easily seen
132
subscapular vein
joins the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein in the subscapular region
133
subscapular vein
comes from the axillary vein as it enters the thorax
134
femoral artery
comes from the external iliac artery and branches through out the upper thigh
135
popliteal artery
rises from the femoral artery at the popliteal fossa and branches into the tibial arteries
136
lateral deep femoral artery
branches from the femoral artery and gives rise to the lateral circumflex artery
137
anterior tibial artery
located between the tibia and fibula, supplies the anterior tibial region
138
dorsalis pedis artery
branches from the anterior tibial artery in the tarsal region, supplies the tarsal and dorsal foot
139
posterior tibial artery
provides blood to the posterior surface tibial region, branches into peroneal artery
140
fibular/peroneal artery
branches into the medial and lateral plantar arteries, supplies blood to plantar surfaces
141
dorsal and plantar arch
anastomosis of dorsalis pedis artery and plantar arteries that supply the rest of foot and toes
142
the superior surface of the foot drains into what veins
digital
143
inferior surface of the foot drains into what vein
plantar
144
anterior posterior tibial veins
drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle, comes from the dorsal arch and forms the popliteal vein
145
posterior tibial vein
drains the posterior surface of the tibia, comes from the dorsal arch and joins the popliteal vein
146
saphenous vein
drains the superficial lower leg, joins the popliteal vein
147
fibular vein
drains the area around the fibula and joins the popliteal vein
148
what veins join into the popliteal vein
anterior and posterior tibial, fibular, and saphenous veins
149
the popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein when
it passes behind the knee
150
what veins drain into the femoral vein
great saphenous, deep femoral, femoral circumflex veins
151
great saphenous vein
medial surface of the thigh, collects blood from the superficial thigh
152
deep femoral vein
drains blood from the deep thigh
153
femoral circumflex vein
loops around the femur and drains the areas around the head and neck of the femur
154
external iliac vein
comes from the femoral vein at the body wall, drains blood from the leg to the common iliac vein
155
internal iliac vein
drain the pelvis and integument, branches in the umbilical vein and others
156
common iliac vein
joining of the external and internal iliac veins at the sacroiliac joint
157
middle sacral vein
drains the sacral region to the common iliac vein
158
respiratory system major functions
provide oxygen to tissues, remove CO2, maintain pH balance
159
conducting zone structures focus on
movement of air to the respiratory zone
160
respiratory zones structures focus on
gas exchange
161
major entrance and exist for the respiratory system
nos
162
external nose
the surface and skeletal structures
163
nose root
region between the eyebrows
164
dorsum nasi
length of the nose
165
nose apex
nose tup
166
alae
cartilaginous structure that forms the nostril
167
naris
nostril opening
168
the protruding part of the nose is made of
cartilage
169
nasal bone
pair that lies under the root and bridge of nose
170
nasal bone articulation
superiorly with frontal bone
anteriorly with maxillary bones
171
septal cartilage
flexible hyaline cartilage that forms the dosum nasi
172
alar cartilage
forms the apex and surround the narises
173
nasal cavity is separated by
the nasal septum
174
the nasal septum is made of
septal cartilage anteriorly
ethmoid and vomer bones posteriorly
175
bony projections of the nasal cavity
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
176
conchae
increase cavity surface area and disrupt flow to be warmed and cleaned
177
meatus
passageways away from the nasal cavity that correspond with the conchae
178
the hard plate is composed of ____, the soft plate is composed of ____
bone, muscle tissue
179
air exist the nose via ____ ___ and moves into what structure
internal nares, pharynx
180
pharynx composition
tube of skeletal muscle lined by a mucous membrane
181
pharynx regions
naso, oro, and laryngopharynx
182
nasopharynx
airway posterior to the nasal cavity
183
auditory tubes
openings in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx that connect to the middle ear cavity
184
oropharynx
passageway for air and food behind the oral cavity
185
uvula
small structure at the apex of the soft palate that separated the oral cavity from the oropharynx
186
laryngopharynx
passageway of air and food posterior to the larynx
187
the oropharynx and laryngopharynx is made of what type of tissue
stratified squamous epithelium
188
anteriorly, the laryngopharynx opens into the ____, posteriorly, it enters the ___
larynx, esophagus
189
common name for the larynx
voice box
190
the larynx connects which to structures
pharynx to the trachea
191
the larynx helps regulate
volume of air entering/leaving the lungs
192
at what vertebrae is the larynx
C4-6
193
the larynx is made of what type of tissue
cartilage
194
thyroid cartilage is located
anterior larynx
195
epiglottis cartilage is located
superior larynx
196
cricoid cartilage is located
inferior larynx
197
thyroid cartilage
shield-shaped hyaline cartilage containing the laryngeal prominence
198
cricoid cartilage
hyaline cartilage structure that is narrow at the front and wide at the back
199
what attaches to the epiglottis and vocal cords to help produce speech
arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms
200
arytenoids
pull on the vocal cord to stretch and increase voice pitch
201
vestibular folds
pair of mucous membranes in the larynx
202
epiglottis composition
elastic cartilage and mucous membrane
203
what does it look like when the epiglottis is closed
it is pulled down and rests on the glottis when swallowing
204
glottis composition
space, vestibular folds, and vocal cord
205
what expands in swallowing
pharynx
206
common name for the trachea
windpipe
207
trachea function
extends and carries air from larynx to lungs
208
trachea composition
trachea cartilages composed of hyaline cartilage and connected by dense connective tissue
209
the larynx and trachea are lined with
respiratory epithelium
210
primary bronchi
right and left tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
211
hilum
concave region of the lung where primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the lungs
212
lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi that branch from the primary and divide ito segmental bronchi
213
bronchial tree
extensive branching of the bronchi
214
bronchi function
passageway for air in and out of the lungs and mucousal trap
215
bronchioles
small respiratory tubes in the lungs that divide from bronchi
216
bronchioles are made of
smooth muscle, lining of respiratory epithelium
217
respiartory epithelium is made of
pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
218
goblet cells
specialized columnar epithelial cells that create mucus to trap debris in respiratory epithelium
219
serous and mucus producing cells produce
lysozyme and defensins
220
lung sizes
right is shorter and wider
left occupies less volume
221
lung apex
superior region
222
lung base
inferior region near the diaphragm
223
the right lung has ___ lobes, the left has __ lobes
3,2
224
lung horizontal fissure
separated the upper and middle lobes in the right lung
225
lung oblique fissure
separates the inferior and middle lobes
226
pleurae
membranous sacs enclosing the lungs
227
layers of the pleura
visceral and parietal
228
visceral pleura
internal layer that extends into and lines lung fissures
229
parietal pleura
outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
230
the visceral and parietal pleurae connect at the
hilum
231
pleurae functions
produce pleural fluid and create cavities to separate organs
232
pleural fluid is secreted by
mesothelial cells
233
respiratory zone function
gas exchange
234
respiratory zone steps
bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus
235
alveolar sac
cluster of aveoli
236
alveolus walls are
elastic
237
type I alveolar cell
highly permeable, simple squamous epithelial cell
238
most common type of alveolar cell
type I
239
type II alveolar cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension
240
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic immune cells that remove debris and pathogens in the alveoli
241
respiratory cycle
one sequence of inspiration and expiration
242
breathing is dependent on what type of gradient
pressure
243
major pressure componets
atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure
244
inspiration and expiration are dependent on the gradient of which two pressures
atmospheric and intra alveolar
245
relationship between volume and air pressure
volume increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa)
246
inspiration volume and pressure effect
the volume of structures increases, intra-alveolar pressure decreases, so air flows in
247
expiration volume and pressure effect
the volume of structures decreases, intra-alveolar pressure increases, so air flows out
248
muscle groups used in normal inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
249
effect of diaphragm contraction
increase in thoracic cavity volume/lung volume
250
effect of contraction of external intercostals
ribs move up and out, increasing cavity volume
251
passive actions of expiration
elastic lung tissue recoils, causing relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
252
quiet breathing
breathing at rest without thought, using diaphragm and external intercostals
253
forced breathing
breathing during exercise or actions requiring active manipulation
254
is forced expiration passive or active
active
255
forced inspiration muscles and effects
scalene and other neck muscles lift the thoracic wall to increase lung volume
256
forced expiration muscles and effects
abdomen muscles contract and force organs up against the diaphragm to push more air out
257
spirometry measures
airflow
258
bell spirometer
level of a floating bell measures the change in lung volume
259
spirometer calculation
flow = change in volume / change in time
260
what is used to measure airflow directly
pneumotachometer
261
tidal volume
specific volume of air drawn in and expired from the lungs
262
normal ventilation breathing rate
15 b/m
263
expired minute volume
amount of air exhaled in one minute of breathing
264
how is expired minute volume calculated
breaths per minute x tidal volume
265
residual volume
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration
266
peak flows
rates of flow at the beginning of inspiration or expiration
267
maximum expiratory flow indicates
respiratory health
268
Mnemonic to remember lung volumes
TIRE: tidal, inspiratory reserve, residual, expiratory reserve
269
