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anatomy & physiology ii lab > Practical #3 > Flashcards

Practical #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature of an organism that varies among individuals, features such as flower color in Mendel’s peas or freckles in humans

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2
Q

Trait

A

A variety or state of a character, such as a white flower color in peas or no freckles on a human.

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3
Q

Structural gene

A

The functional unit of heredity.

  • It is found at particular locations on the chromosome, and the nucleotide sequence determines the primary structure of all
    polypeptides and proteins.
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4
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same location on homologous chromosomes.

  • For example, the gene that codes for the ABO blood type has three alleles, A, B,
    and O
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5
Q

Dominant allele

A

The allele expressed in a phenotype when a genotype is heterozygous.

  • For example, in human blood groups the A and B alleles are dominant to the O allele. A
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6
Q

Recessive allele

A

The allele not expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is
heterozygous. Recessive alleles are only expressed when the genotype is homozygous.

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

A genotype with the same alleles for a gene on homologous chromosomes.

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8
Q

Heterozygous:

A

A genotype with different alleles for a gene on homologous chromosomes.

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9
Q

Genotype

A

The actual alleles present for a given gene on homologous chromosomes.

  • Genotypes are expressed in letters.
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10
Q

Phenotype

A

The outward expression of a genotype, or what the trait looks like externally, or physically.

  • Phenotypes are as described adjective words.
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11
Q

Codominant

A

A genetic condition that occurs when neither allele is dominant over another, but both are expressed in the phenotype

  • For example, AB blood types
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12
Q

Internal fertilization

A

occurs when the sperm is transferred directly to the female’s body, and the secondary oocytes are fertilized inside of the female.

  • The anatomy of the male is designed for the direct transfer of sperm to the female’s body
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13
Q

Viviparity

A

is when the embryos are retained in the female’s body.

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14
Q

What are the three parts of sperm?

A

the head, mid piece, and tail.

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15
Q

The head of the sperm contains what?

A

It contains the nucleus and is tipped with the acrosome.

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16
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

is composed of granular enzymes to dissolve the zona pellucida, which surrounds the secondary oocyte.

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17
Q

What does the midpiece of sperm contain?

A

It contains mitochondria for energy production.

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18
Q

What is the tail of sperm?

A

is a flagellum that propels the sperm cell.

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19
Q

Penis contains what?

A

erectile tissues.

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20
Q

Erectile tissues

A

tissues engorge with blood
during an erection.

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21
Q

What are the erectile tissues in the penis?

A

two corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum

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22
Q

Corpora cavernosa location

A

extends along the length of the penis and are located dorsally to the urethra. This tissue makes up
the bulk of the penis.

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23
Q

Corpora spongiosum location

A

extends along the length of the penis and is located beneath the corpora cavernosa. It encircles the urethra.

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24
Q

Testes contain what?

A

lobules

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25
Q

Lobules contain what?

A

seminiferous tubules and Interstitial cells

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26
Q

The lumen of the tubules
is lined with what?

A

seminiferous epithelium

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27
Q

Seminiferous epithelium function

A

produces the spermatids

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28
Q

Interstitial cells function

A

produce testosterone

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29
Q

Scrotum

A

an external sac of skin and smooth
muscle containing the testes.

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30
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle of the scrotum?

A

raise and lower the scrotum to control the temperature of sperm.

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31
Q

Testes

A

These are the primary reproductive organs of males.

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32
Q

Testes function

A

They produce sperm and hormones like testosterone.

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33
Q

Epididymis

A

These are a series of convoluted ducts combining into a comma-shaped organ located on the
posterior surface of each testis.

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34
Q

Epididymis function

A

Spermatids differentiate into sperm and are stored in the
epididymis

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35
Q

Ductus deferens

A
  • These ducts connect the epididymis with the ejaculatory ducts.
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36
Q

Ductus deferens fucntion

A
  • They serve as sites for sperm
    storage and conduct sperm to the ejaculatory ducts during an ejaculation.
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37
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

These are short ducts formed by the merging of the ducts from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens.

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38
Q

Ejaculatory ducts function

A

They conduct sperm to the urethra

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39
Q

Urethra (males)

A

This is a large tube connecting the urinary bladder with the distal end of the penis.

40
Q

Urethra (males) function

A

It conducts both sperm and urine, although not at the same time.

41
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • These sac-like glands are about 5 cm long.
  • Their ducts empty into the ductus deferens.
  • They produce about 60% of the semen’s volume.
42
Q

Prostate gland

A

This is a gland surrounding the urethra where it exits
the bladder.

  • It produces about 30% of the semen’s volume.
43
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

These are a pair of small glands located laterally on the urethra posterior to the prostate gland.

44
Q

Bulbourethral gland function

A

They produce an alkaline mucus that lubricates the head of the penis.

45
Q

Penis

A

The male copulatory organ that transfers the sperm directly to the female’s vagina.

46
Q

Primordial follicles

A

These structures are composed of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells.

47
Q

Primary follicles

A

These follicles are larger than the primordial follicles and the primary oocytes.

  • They are surrounded by
    several layers of cuboidal cells.
48
Q

Secondary follicles

A

These follicles develop a fluid-filled cavity called the antrum that surrounds the secondary oocyte.

49
Q

Antrum

A

a well-developed central chamber of the mature follicles

50
Q

Granulosa cells

A

surround the outside of the antrum

51
Q

Zona pellucida

A

is a glycoprotein gelatinous covering of the oocyte

52
Q

Corona radiata

A

is a layer of cells that surround the
zona pellucida on the inside of the antrum

53
Q

Corpus luteum

A

This is the glandular tissue that develops from the mature follicle after ovulation of the secondary
oocyte.

54
Q

Corpus luteum function

A

It is important as a temporary endocrine gland in the secretion of hormones used to maintain pregnancy.

  • If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degrades
55
Q

Ovaries

A

These are the primary reproductive organs of females.

56
Q

Ovaries location

A

They are located on the posterior wall of the female body cavity in the superior pelvic region.

57
Q

Uterine tubes

A

These are small ducts that open into the body cavity near each of the ovaries.

  • They extend from the
    ovaries to the uterus.
58
Q

Uterine tubes function

A
  • The secondary oocyte or zygote travels from the ovaries through these tubes to the uterus.
  • Fertilization most often occurs in the uterine tubes.
59
Q

Infundibulum

A

The uterine tubes widen into a funnel-shaped structure that opens into the body cavity immediately next to the ovary.

  • The opening of the infundibulum has long, thin, feather-like projections
    called fimbriae.
60
Q

Infundibulum function

A

These structures facilitate the
movement of the secondary oocyte into the uterine
tube.

61
Q

Uterus

A

This is a thick muscular organ that lies between the uterine tubes and vagina.

  • It is positioned posterior
    to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
62
Q

Endometrium

A

The innermost layer of the uterus and serves as the location of fetal
development.

63
Q

Cervix

A

This structure is the inferior part of the uterus, immediately superior to the vagina.

64
Q

Vagina

A

This is the tube that extends from the uterus to the outside of the female’s body.

  • It is the female copulatory organ and is designed to receive the
    male’s penis.
65
Q

Vagina function

A

It also serves as the channel for
childbirth and menstruation.

66
Q

Vulva

A

This is the female’s external genitalia.

67
Q

What are the four parts of the vulva?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
68
Q

Mons pubis

A

This is a pad of fatty tissue that is superior to the pubic symphysis.

  • It serves to cushion the pubic
    symphysis during intercourse.
69
Q

Labia majora

A

These are a pair of thick folds of skin on either side of the vaginal opening.

  • They partially protect the
    vaginal opening and are involved in sexual arousal.
70
Q

Labia minora

A

These are a pair of smaller folds of skin that lie beneath the labia majora and surround the urethral
and vaginal openings.

71
Q

Clitoris

A

This is a small projection located between the labia majora just below the mons pubis.

  • It is homologous to the glans penis in males and functions in sexual arousal.
72
Q

The First Trimester

A

is the initial period of embryological and fetal development

73
Q

What are the four major events during the first trimester?

A

cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogenesis

74
Q

Zygote

A

When the secondary oocyte is fertilized it becomes a single cell

75
Q

Blastomeres.

A

zygote undergoes a series of subdivisions that reduce the amount of cytoplasm in the cells.

76
Q

Morula

A

The blastomeres subdivide for about three days to form a solid ball of cells

77
Q

Blastocyst

A

The morula reaches the
uterus around day four and during the next two days, it develops into a hollow ball of cells

78
Q

What structures are involved in cleavage?

A
  • zygote
  • blastomeres
  • morula
  • blastocyst
79
Q

Blastocyst development

A

The blastocyst is composed of two cell layers.

  • The outer layer develops into the placenta. The cells of the inner layer develop into the embryo.
80
Q

Implantation

A

occurs when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the mother’s uterus.

81
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

The separation yields a fluid- filled cavity

82
Q

Gastrula

A

By the twelfth day, a third cell layer develops, and the blastocyst becomes a structure

83
Q

What are the three germ layers during gastrulation?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

84
Q

The three germ layers then develop into what four extraembryonic membranes?

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Amnion
  • Allantois
  • Chorion
85
Q

Yolk sac

A

This sac is a pouch formed from the endoderm and mesoderm.

  • It is an initial site of blood cell
    formation.
86
Q

Amnion

A
  • This membrane is formed from the ectoderm and mesoderm.
  • It lines the inner surface of the amniotic cavity.
  • The fluid contained within the cavity is called the amniotic fluid.
  • The amnion and the amniotic
    fluid surround and protect the growing embryo.
87
Q

Allantois

A

This membrane is formed from the endoderm and mesoderm.

  • It eventually gives rise to the urinary bladder.
88
Q

Chorion

A

This membrane is formed from the mesoderm and the outer cell layer of the blastocyst.

  • The chorion differentiates into the fetal portion of the placenta as
    the embryo enlarges.
89
Q

Placentation

A

is the development and differentiation of the fetal and maternal portions of the placenta.

90
Q

Chorionic villi

A

The chorion develops finger-like projections

91
Q

Lacunae

A

small chambers in the maternal placenta

92
Q

Umbilical cord

A

contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.

93
Q

Embryogenesis

A

is the differentiation of the body of the embryo and the rudimentary development of the organ systems.

94
Q

What is the name of chart used to track the inheritance of traits through multiple generations?

A

pedigree

95
Q

What type of cross is used when only one characteristic is being looked at?

A

monohybrid cross

anatomy & physiology ii lab (3 decks)

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