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Anatomy & Physiology II Lab > Practical #1 > Flashcards

Practical #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes appearance

A

non-nucleated cells shaped like biconcave disks

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2
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and some carbon dioxide from
the tissues to the lungs

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3
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

A

about 55% of the blood

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4
Q

Composition of plasma

A
  • about 91.5% water the
  • remaining portion is composed of proteins and solutes, which include gases and electrolytes
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5
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
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6
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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7
Q

Neutrophils apperance

A
  • has multiple deeply staining lobes
  • cytoplasm is pale with fine granules
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8
Q

Neutrophils function

A

destroy bacteria

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9
Q

Eosinophils appearance

A
  • two darkly stained lobes connected by thin strand
  • large granules that stain red-orange
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10
Q

Eosinophils function

A

Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and
attack parasitic worms

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11
Q

Basophils appearance

A
  • two difficult to see lobes
  • dense blue stained granules
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12
Q

Basophils function

A

Aid in inflammation by releasing histamines

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13
Q

Lymphocytes appearance

A
  • round oval nucleus that fills cytoplasm
  • dark blue to purple nucleus
  • light blue cytoplasm
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14
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Involved in specific disease resistance and
includes B-cells; T-cells; and natural killer
cells

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15
Q

Monocytes appearance

A
  • kidney-bean or horse shoe shaped nucleus
  • darkly staining nucleus
  • abundant pale blue cytoplasm
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16
Q

Monocytes function

A

Develop into phagocytic macrophages

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17
Q

Blood type A

A

Antigen: A
Anti-body: anti-B
Donate to: A, AB
Receive from: A,O

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18
Q

Blood type B

A

Antigen: B
Anti-body: anti-A
Donate to: B, AB
Receive from: B,O

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19
Q

Blood type AB

A

Antigen: A&B
Anti-body: none
Donate to: AB
Receive from: All

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20
Q

Blood type O

A

Antigen: none
Anti-body: anti-A &anti-B
Donate to: All
Receive from: O

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21
Q

Rh+

A

Antigen: Rh
Anti-body: none
Receive from: Rh+, Rh-

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22
Q

Rh-

A

Antigen: none
Anti-body: Rh
Receive from: Rh-

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23
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

an instrument for measuring blood pressure

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24
Q

How to calculates pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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25
Q

Blood pressure numbers

A

systolic over diastolic

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26
Q

Define systolic

A

the maximum pressure the heart exerts while beating

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27
Q

Define diastolic

A

is the amount of pressure in the arteries between beats

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28
Q

Precava and Postacava

A

These are two large veins that enter the right
atrium and carry unoxygenated blood from
the superior and inferior body, respectively.

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29
Q

Aortic arch and aorta

A

This is the largest elastic artery in the body
and carries oxygenated blood to the body

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30
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

These veins carry oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the left atrium

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31
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

These arteries carry unoxygenated blood
from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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32
Q

Right atrium

A

This is the first chamber of the heart; it
receives unoxygenated blood from the
body.

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33
Q

Right ventricle

A

This is the second chamber of the heart; it
pumps blood to the lungs

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34
Q

Left atrium

A

This is the third chamber of the heart; it
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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35
Q

Left ventricle

A

This is the fourth chamber of the heart; it
pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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36
Q

Tricuspid or right atrioventricular valve

A

This valve separates the right atrium and
ventricle. It prevents backflow into the
atrium.

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37
Q

Bicuspid, mitral, or left atrioventricular valve

A

This valve separates the left atrium and
ventricle. It prevents backflow into the
atrium.

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38
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

This valve separates the pulmonary trunk
from the right ventricle and prevents
backflow into the ventricle.

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39
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

This valve separates the aortic arch from the
left ventricle and prevents backflow into the
ventricle.

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40
Q

Papillary muscles

A

The papillary muscles are muscles that
control the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
and are located within the ventricles.

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41
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

The chordae tendineae “heart strings” attach
the valves to the papillary muscles and
prevent inversion of the valves during
contraction.

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42
Q

Coronary arteries and veins

A

These are the vessels located on and in the
actual myocardium or heart muscle. They
supply and drain the myocardium of blood,
respectively

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43
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

blood, low in O2 returns from body via the vena cavae (2 veins)

Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk/arteries

Lungs to pick up O2 and release CO2

Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta

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44
Q

Eyelid

A

Pigs are born with closed eyelids

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45
Q

Pinna

A

The external earflap. It gathers sound and
directs it into the external auditory canal.

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46
Q

External nares

A

The exterior openings of the nose used for
breathing and the sense of smell. Pigs have a
well-developed sense of smell.

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47
Q

Vibrissae

A

The long, stiff hairs on the head, commonly
called whiskers. Their function is touch.

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48
Q

Digits

A

These are the toes and hooves.

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49
Q

Mammary papilla

A

There are five to six pairs of these structures
present in both sexes, but only develop into
the mammary glands in females

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50
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Contains the two umbilical arteries and one
umbilical vein.

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51
Q

Umbilical cord function

A

The vessels within the cord are responsible for nutrient, gas, and waste
exchange between the fetus and maternal
placenta.

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52
Q

Genital papilla

A

The female’s external genitalia.

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53
Q

Urogenital opening

A

The opening that is the terminal end of the
male urogenital tract.

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54
Q

Scrotum

A

A sac of skin containing the male’s testes.

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55
Q

Anus

A

The terminal opening of the digestive tract.

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56
Q

Mandibular gland shape

A

This salivary gland has a “lima bean” shape.

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57
Q

Mandibular gland location

A

It lies partially ventral to the parotid gland,
and between the parotid and the angle of
the jaw.

  • It is also called the “submaxillary
    gland.
    ”
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58
Q

Sublingual gland shape

A

This salivary gland is narrow and flat.

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59
Q

Sublingual gland location

A

It lies beneath the skin, medial to the lower jaw,
and alongside the tongue. Generally found
near the medial edge of the mandibular
gland.

60
Q

Parotid gland

A

A large salivary gland that lies posteriorly
and ventrally to the masseter muscle.
Generally found most easily toward the base
of the pinna.

61
Q

Hard palate

A

The ridged surface on the anterior portion of
the roof of the mouth.

62
Q

Soft palate

A

The smooth surface on the posterior portion
of the roof of the mouth.

63
Q

Tongue

A

The tongue lies on the floor of the mouth,
between the lower jaws. It is the location of
the taste buds and aids in food manipulation.

64
Q

Papillae of the tongue

A

The small projections on the tongue. They
are particularly large on the anterior margins
and the base of the tongue. They aid in the
manipulation of food.

65
Q

Papillae of the tongue function

A

They aid in the
manipulation of food.

66
Q

Pharynx

A

The region of the throat where the respiratory and digestive system are merged

67
Q

Epiglottis

A

A flap of skin that covers the glottis. It serves
to separate the esophagus from the trachea
and prevents food from entering the
respiratory system.

68
Q

Glottis

A

The opening of the trachea, covered by the
epiglottis.

69
Q

Larynx

A
  • Commonly called the “voice box.”
  • It connects to the glottis anteriorly, and the trachea posteriorly.
  • The larynx contains the
    vocal cords.
  • The vocal cords can be viewed by making a longitudinal mid-dorsal incision
    and opening the cartilage
70
Q

Trachea

A

Commonly called the “windpipe.” It is a tube
extending from the larynx to the lungs. It is lined with cartilage rings, which keep the trachea open.

71
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • This endocrine gland is large and elongated.
  • It lies beneath the skin on each side of, and over, the trachea. It also extends down into the thoracic cavity and lies on the dorsal surface of the heart.
72
Q

Thymus gland function

A

Hormones from the
thymus gland stimulate the early development of the immune system

73
Q

Thyroid gland shape

A

This small endocrine gland is darkly colored and has an oval shape.

74
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

It lies between the two lobes of the thymus gland, posterior to the larynx, and ventral to the trachea. To find the gland, remove the two sternohyoid
muscles.

75
Q

Lungs

A

The large organs that lie on the lateral sides
of the heart, and function in gas exchange

76
Q

Diaphragm

A

The skeletal muscle located between the
lungs and the liver. It is the primary muscle
responsible for breathing.

77
Q

Esophagus

A

The tube connecting the pharynx to the
stomach. It travels through the throat and
diaphragm, into the stomach.

78
Q

Stomach

A

This digestive organ lies just posterior to the
liver and is the primary structure functioning
in the breakdown of food.

79
Q

Omentum

A

Connective tissue that attaches to and
anchors the stomach.

80
Q

Lesser omentem

A

is on the inside, concave curve of the
stomach.

81
Q

Greater omentum

A

is on the
outside, convex curve of the stomach.

82
Q

Pyloric sphincter muscle

A

A “doughnut-like” smooth muscle, found at
the posterior end of the stomach. It
separates the stomach from the duodenum

83
Q

Gall bladder

A

A sac containing green bile, located in the
middle lobe of the liver.

84
Q

Common bile duct

A

transports the bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum.

85
Q

Liver

A

The largest gland in the body, located
between the stomach and diaphragm. It filters the blood and produces proteins for blood clotting

86
Q

Spleen

A

A long, flat, finger-like projection to the left of
the stomach. It functions to store blood. It is
dark red to purplish in color.

87
Q

Pancreas

A

An endocrine gland located at the base of
the stomach. It functions to produce
hormones to control blood sugar and
digestive enzymes.

88
Q

Small intestine

A

Portion of the digestive system between the
stomach and the large intestine. It is divided
into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
This is where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs.

89
Q

Small intestine function

A

This is where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs.

90
Q

Mesentery

A

The connective tissue attached to the
intestines.

91
Q

Cecum

A

The finger-like projection of the large
intestine at the junction of the large and
small intestines.

92
Q

Large intestine

A

The posterior portion of the intestines, divided into the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and
sigmoid colons.

93
Q

Large intestine function

A

The large intestine absorbs water and prepares waste for
elimination

94
Q

Rectum

A

Waste is stored in the final
portion of the large intestine, the rectum,
prior to being eliminated from the body
through the anus

95
Q

Precava

A

Carries unoxygenated blood from the head,
neck, and forelimbs, to the right atrium

96
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

Carry blood from the cephalic, subclavian,
and jugulars to the precava.

97
Q

Internal jugular vein

A
  • The first set of vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially.
  • These veins carry blood from the head to the brachiocephalic veins.
  • They are located on
    either side of the trachea.
98
Q

External jugular veins

A
  • The second set of vessels to emerge from the
    cranial vena cava, medially.
  • Carry blood
    from the head to the brachiocephalic veins
99
Q

Subscapular veins

A
  • The third set of veins medially in the neck
    region.
  • They carry blood from the region of
    the arm pit and join with the axillary vein to
    form the subclavian vein.
100
Q

Subclavian veins

A

The fourth set of vessels vessels medially in
the neck region. These veins carry blood
from the subscapular veins and axillary veins
to the brachiocephalic veins.

101
Q

Axillary veins

A

These veins carry blood from the forelimbs
and join with the subscapular veins to form
the subclavian vein

102
Q

Postcava

A

Carries unoxygenated blood from the
posterior portion of the body to the right
atrium

103
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

A large vein located between the stomach
and liver. It carries blood from the stomach,
spleen, pancreas, and intestines to the liver.

104
Q

Umbilical vein

A

This vein carries blood containing oxygen
and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.

105
Q

Renal veins

A

These veins carry blood from the kidneys to
the caudal vena cava.

106
Q

Common iliac veins

A

These veins carry blood from the external
and internal iliac veins to the caudal vena
cava

107
Q

Internal iliac veins

A

These veins carry blood from the pelvis to
the common iliac veins

108
Q

External iliac veins

A

These veins carry blood from the femoral
and deep femoral veins to the common iliac
veins.

109
Q

Aortic arch

A

The artery that leaves the left ventricle and
gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and dorsal aorta.

110
Q

Left subclavian artery

A

The second large artery arising from the
aortic arch. It carries blood to the left
forelimb.

111
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

The first large artery arising from the aortic
arch. It carries oxygenated blood to the neck,
head, and right forelimb.

112
Q

Right subclavian artery

A

The second artery to arise from the
brachiocephalic trunk. It supplies blood to
the cervical vertebrae and right forelimb.

113
Q

Carotid trunk

A

The first vessel to arise from the
brachiocephalic trunk, medially. It carries
blood anteriorly towards the neck and head

114
Q

Common carotid arteries

A

The carotid trunk splits into the right and left
common carotids.

115
Q

External carotid artery

A

Medial branches of common carotid arteries.
They carry blood to the area around the
masseter muscle and chin.

116
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

Lateral branches of common carotid arteries.
They carry blood to the brain.

117
Q

Dorsal aorta

A

Lies on the mid-dorsal wall, measures the
length of the abdominal cavity. It carries
blood to the entire posterior portion of the
body.

118
Q

Celiac trunk

A

First artery to branch off of the dorsal aorta,
posterior to the diaphragm. It carries blood to the stomach, pancreas, and spleen.

119
Q

Cranial mesenteric artery

A

The second artery to branch off of the aorta,
posterior to the diaphragm. It carries blood to most of the small intestine.

120
Q

Renal arteries

A

Branch off of the aorta and carry blood to
the kidneys

121
Q

Caudal mesenteric artery

A

This artery branches off of the ventral
surface of the aorta before it splits into the
umbilical arteries. It carries blood to the
large intestine and colon.

122
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

The terminal end of the aorta splits into
these two arteries. They enter the umbilical
cord and carry blood to the placenta.

123
Q

Internal iliac arteries

A

These arteries branch dorsally off of the
aorta, immediately anterior to the umbilical
arteries. They carry blood to the pelvic
region.

124
Q

External iliac arteries

A

These arteries branch off the aorta immediately anterior to the umbilical
arteries. They carry blood to the thighs and hind limbs.

125
Q

Femoral arteries

A

These arteries are one of two branches of
the external iliac arteries. They carry blood
to the thigh and lower hind limb.

126
Q

Deep femoral arteries

A

These arteries are one of two branches of
the external iliac arteries. They carry blood
to the back of the thigh.

127
Q

Kidney

A

The large, kidney-bean-shaped organs
located on the posterior dorsal wall of the
abdominal cavity. They lie beneath a layer of
connective tissue on either side of the dorsal
aorta.

128
Q

Kidney function

A

They produce urine

129
Q

Ureter

A

The paired tubes that join the kidneys and
the urinary bladder. They conduct urine to
the bladder.

130
Q

Urinary bladder

A

The large sack that is located between the
two umbilical arteries. It is the temporary
storage site of urine.

131
Q

Urethra

A

This tube transports urine when the urinary
bladder is emptied.

132
Q

Urethra in females

A

It is relatively short in
females, and just ventral to the anus.

133
Q

Urethra in males

A
  • It is much longer in males and ends at the
    urogenital opening.
  • It also functions to
    conduct semen in males
134
Q

Testes

A

The small, bean-shaped male reproductive
organs contained within the scrotum which produce sperm and testosterone.

135
Q

Epididymis

A

The band-shaped collection of tubules with
a coiled duct that lays on the testis. It is used
for sperm storage and maturation.

136
Q

Ductus deferens

A
  • The ducts that transfer sperm from the
    epididymis to the urethra during an ejaculation.
  • It is called the “vas deferens” in
    humans.
137
Q

Inguinal canal

A

The passageway through the abdominal
wall in the groin of males though which the
ductus deferens and blood vessels pass to
the testes.

138
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

These small glands are located near the
junction of the ductus deferens and the
urethra. They produce some of the seminal
fluid.

139
Q

Prostate gland

A
  • A small gland located between the seminal
    vesicles, which surrounds the junction of the
    ductus deferens and the urethra.
  • It produces
    some of the seminal fluid
140
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A
  • A pair of glands near the base of the penis in
    the pelvic canal on either side of the urethra.
  • They produce some of the seminal fluid.
  • They are also called “Cowper’s glands.
    ”
141
Q

Penis

A

The male copulatory organ located ventrally
on the exterior abdominal wall, just posterior
to the umbilical cord

142
Q

Ovaries

A

The female reproductive organs, which are
small and bean-shaped, found on the dorsal
abdominal wall, just posterior to the
kidneys.

143
Q

Ovaries function

A

They produce the eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

144
Q

Uterine tubes

A
  • Small ducts found between the ovaries and
    uterine horns.
  • They transport eggs to the uterine horns.
  • In humans, fertilization occurs in the uterine tubes.
  • They are also termed
    the “fallopian tubes” in humans.
145
Q

Uterine horns

A

The wider tubes located at the end of the
uterine tubes and connected to the uterine
body. Embryos develop within these tubes.

146
Q

Uterine body

A
  • The single, wider tube formed by the union
    of the two uterine horns. The cervix is at its
    posterior end.
  • Termed the “uterus” in
    humans.
147
Q

Vagina

A

The most posterior tube of the female
reproductive tract. It receives the penis
during copulation.

Anatomy & Physiology II Lab (3 decks)

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