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2.1 Molecular Immunology > Practical 2: Secondary Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Practical 2: Secondary Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

They increase the chances that a mature lymphocyte will meet it’s antigen

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2
Q

List the main secondary lymphoid organs
(6)

A

Spleen
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Lamina propria

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3
Q

List the different groups of lymph nodes

A

Cervical lymph nodes (neck)
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes

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4
Q

What three things make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Adenoids

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

The fluid that remains in tissue after interstitial fluid is returned to the blood

Plasma seeps into tissue -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> remainder = lymph

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6
Q

What does lymph consist of?
(8)

A

Water
Ions
Nutrients
Gases
Proteins

Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products of cells

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7
Q

What constituents of lymph are derived from cells?

A

Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products of cells

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8
Q

What constituents of lymph are derived from plasma?

A

Ions
Nutrients
Gases
Proteins

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9
Q

What are the four types of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic collecting vessels

Lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic ducts

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10
Q

What fluid does the lymph system take up?

A

It only takes up the fluid that is not taken up by the venous system -> returned to blood

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11
Q

Write a note on lymphatic collecting vessels

A

Similar to veins
Have lots of valves
Both superficial and deep
Pass through lymph nodes (afferent and efferent)

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12
Q

Distinguish afferent from efferent.

A

Afferent = in
Efferent = out (exit)

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13
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the lymph node
(5)

A

Bean shaped
Fully encapsulated with a subcapsular sinus
Has a really good blood supply - artery and vein
Afferent and efferent lymphatic supply
Hilum = indented area

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node
(7)

A

Subcapsular sinus
Cortex
Paracortex
Medulla
Medullary sinus
Lymphoid follicles (primary and secondary)
Germinal centres

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15
Q

What is the B cell area of a lymph node?

A

Lymphoid follicles

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16
Q

Where are lymphoid follicles found in the body?

A

They are found in secondary lymphoid organs

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17
Q

What cells are found inside the capsule?

A

Subcapsular macrophages

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18
Q

Where is considered the T cell area of the lymph node?

A

Para cortex

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19
Q

Where are plasma cells found in the lymph node?

A

Medullary cords

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20
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

If you look at the medulla under high magnification you can see gaps between cells (sinuses) if the cells are bundled together with a layer of endothelium - this structure is called a medullary cord

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21
Q

What are subcapsular macrophages?

A

A special population which is not great at phagocytosis but is goof at trapping antigens on their surface membranes

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22
Q

What type of cell is found in the medullary chords?

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

What type of cell is found in the paracortex?

A

T cells

24
Q

What type of cells are found in the lymphoid follicles?

A

B cells

25
Q

What happens in primary lymphoid follicles?
(2)

A

B cells have not encountered an antigen yet

These follicles have no light coloured centre/germinal centre

26
Q

What happens in secondary lymphoid follicles?
(3)

A

B cells here have encountered their antigen

There is a light centre to the follicle/germinal centre

The dark ring around the centre is called the mantel zone

27
Q

How do most lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?

A

Most enter through blood not through lymph

28
Q

What happens at the hilum?
(2)

A

Blood vessels enter and leave here

The efferent lymphatic vessel leaves here

29
Q

Where does the afferent lymphatic vessel attach?

A

It pierces the lymph node at two spots the opposite side of the hilum

30
Q

What cells form the supporting tissue of the lymph node?

A

Fibroblast recticular cells

31
Q

What does HEV stand for?

A

High endothelial venules

32
Q

What does HEC stand for?

A

High endothelial cells

33
Q

What do HEVs do?

A

Lymphocytes use these to get into the lymph node by adhering to the HECs on the edge of the HEV

34
Q

What cells come together to form the Fibroblast reticular cell conduit?

A

This is where fibroblast reticular cells support the maintenance of naive T cells

35
Q

List the four different tonsils

A

Lingual
Palatine
Tubal
Adenoid

36
Q

Where are your lingual tonsils?

A

Back of throat

37
Q

Where are your palatine tonsils?

A

Back of mouth

38
Q

Where are your adenoids?

A

Just behind the nose

39
Q

Where are tubal tonsils located?

A

Lateral wall of the nasopharynx

40
Q

Write a note on the palatine tonsil
(3)

A

Hemi-capsule

Crypts are found within the tonsil and are lined with simple epithelium (M cells)

Primary and secondary follicles

41
Q

Why does the palatine tonsil have a hemi-capsule?
(3)

A

Because the tonsil needs to have a small amount of surface area exposed to the elements

In the areas where there is no capsule there is stratified squamous epithelium

Simple epithelium is found within crypts for screening

42
Q

What is the function of crypts?

A

They increase surface area

43
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium of the tonsils?

A

Protection

44
Q

What is the function of the simple epithelium of the palatine tonsil?

A

Antigen sampling

45
Q

Write a note on the anatomy of the spleen

A

No lymphatic vessels in or out

Really good blood supply (splenic artery, splenic vein)

Hilum

46
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Responsible for producing blood cells before birth

Responsible for protecting against blood born infection

47
Q

What are the two regions of the spleen?

A

Red pulp

White pulp

48
Q

Write about red pulp

A

This is where dead or old rbcs are cleared by macrophages

49
Q

Write about white pulp

A

This is where the initiation of immune responses to blood born infections take place

50
Q

Why is it usually hard to distinguish between white and red pulp?

A

The pulp looks the same in mammalians

51
Q

What is bacteria in blood called?

A

Septicemia

52
Q

What are the three parts of white pulp?

A

Lymphoid follicles
Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
Marginal zone

53
Q

What are PALS?

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath

These are lymphocytes which cover the central arteriole

54
Q

What is the marginal zone?
(2)

A

Area between white pulp and red pulp

Contains APCs e.g. macrophages

55
Q

What are the lymph follicles?
(2)

A

B cell area

between PALS and marginal zone

56
Q

What is the red pulp?

A

Connective tissue (cords of Billroth and splenic sinusoids

57
Q

Write a note on asplenia?
(4)

A

A rare condition whereby individuals have no spleen

Due to the RPSA gene - dominant mutation

It increases the risk of infection by encapsulated bacteria

There is a much greater affect on children than adults after a splenectomy

2.1 Molecular Immunology (19 decks)

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