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Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic stimulation

A

Internal stimulation that makes the heart beat by itself

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2
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

Specialized, noncontractile cells that cause interinsic stimulation

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3
Q

Intrinsic conduction system

A

1) Initiates the action potential that causes contraction of cardiac muscle fibers
2) Provides a pathway for conduction the action potential to all cardiac muscle fibers

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4
Q

Extrinsic stimulation

A

Only increase or decrease intrinsic pace

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5
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Recods electrical charges in the heart

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6
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)

A

Chart recording of electrical events that occur before each heartbeat

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7
Q

P wave

A

First wave; small, upward direction; represents atrial depolarization; occurs immediately before the atria contract

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8
Q

QRS complex

A

Short downward Q - tall upward R - medium downward S; represents ventricular depolarization; occurs just before the ventricles contract

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9
Q

T wave

A

medium, upward deflection; represents ventricular repolarization and occurs just before the ventricles relax

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10
Q

P-Q interval

A

interval between the beginning of the P wave until the beginning of the Q wave; represents the time interval between the beginning of conraction of the atrium and the beginning of the contraction of the ventricle

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11
Q

Q-T interval

A

Interval of time between the start of Q to the end of T wave; represents the time interval from the beginning of ventricuar depolarization until the end of ventricular repolarization - ventricles are contracting

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12
Q

S-T segment

A

Segment from the end of the S to the beginning of the T wave; it represents the time the ventricular fibers are fully deploarized

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13
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Heart rate of 60-100 beats/min

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14
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate above 100 beats/min

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15
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rates below 60 beats/min

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16
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

(# of squares counted) x 0.04 sec/mm

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17
Q

Heart block

A

Could be produced by cardiac damage to the AV node or AV bundle. Associated with P-Q interval

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18
Q

Complete heart block

A

Results in the ventricles depolarizing independently from the atria

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19
Q

Right or left bundle branch block

A

QRS complex longer than 0.12 sec. Two ventricles do not contract simultaneously.

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20
Q

Myocardial damage

A

Lengthens normal interval of QR interval of 0.38 sec.

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21
Q

What causes air to move into our lungs when we breath

A

the movement of the ribs

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22
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm during inhalation

A

Contraction

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23
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Endoscopic technique of visualizing inside of airways

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24
Q

What is the purpose of physiotherapy on lungs

A

move the mucus

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25
Alveoli
Millions of tiny air sacs where gases are exchanged
26
How does oxygen in the alveolus get into the bloodstream in the lungs?
Diffusion of oxygen from alveolus into the bloodstream
27
How does carbon dioxide get out of the bloodstream?
Breathing out makes carbon move from bloodstream to outside
28
What is the genetic problem in the lungs of someone with Cystic Fibrosis
The proteins don't work properly and the mucus is thicker
29
How is the progress of cystic fibrosis monitored?
Weight, height. Peak flow meter to see how blocked airways are
30
How does drug Pulmozyme work in cystic fibrosis patients
Helps mucus in lungs liquify to help cough it up. Chops up lung molecules
31
Pneumonia
Acute inflammation of the alveoli. The subsequent immune response causes fluid leakage and cellular accumulation (exudate) in the alveoli
32
Histological description of Smoker's Lung
Dark and mottled. Black deposits, appear more flattened
33
Histological description of Emphysema
Damaged alveoli. Disconnected/disjointed
34
How does emphysema affect gas exchange between lungs and pulmonary capillaries?
Alveoli themselves are damaged
35
Main function of the respiratory system
Brings needed oxygen into lungs and eliminates CO2
36
What are the two serous membranes surrounding each lung?
Visceral and Parietal pleura
37
What is inside the pleural cavity
Pleural/serous fluid
38
Pleural fluid
Lubricates and facilitates breathing
39
What anatomical structures make up the "Bronchial Tree"?
Terminal, Main, later, segmental bronchae, cartilage, smooth muscle
40
How are bronchioles different from the other structures of the bronchial tree?
Walls contain more smooth muscle
41
What anatomical structures are part of the conduction zone?
Terminal bronchioles
42
What anatomical structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Alveoli, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
43
What is surfactant and how does it function in an alveolus?
A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins which lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
44
Anatomical structures that form the respiratory membrane in the lung
Alveolar wall and capillary wall
45
Pulmonary ventilation
Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs
46
Boyle's law
Pressure and volume are inversely related
47
What muscles contract during quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
48
what additional muscles come into action during deep inspiration?
Sternolcleidomastoid, scalenes
49
What additional muscles come into action during deep expiration
Internal intercostal muscles, internal + external oblique
50
Intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure
Pressure within the alveoli. 760 mm Hg is normal
51
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure within the pleural cavity
52
What is the effect of surface tension on an alveolus?
Pulls alveoli inward, alveolar wall helps overcome this effect
53
Intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
Decrease in pressure
54
Intrapleural pressure during expiration?
Increase in pressure. Returns to negative form
55
What happens when the thoracic wall is punctures at least to the level of the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax. Lung collapses
56
Transpulmonary pressure
Suction to keep lung inflated
57
What happens to airway resistance when the bronchioles constrict?
Resistance increases, decreased airflow
58
Mathematical relationship between air flow and resistance?
increase resistance, decreased airflow
59
Effect of parasympathetic (acetylcholine) stimulation on airflow in the bronchioles?
Increased air flow, relaxation
60
Effect of histamine application on air flow in bronchioles?
Allergic reaction. Increased airway resistance, decreased air flow harder to breath
61
Effect of sympathetic (epinephrine) stimulation on bronchioles?
Dilutes bronchioles, decreased airways resistance, increased air flow, adequate gas exchange
62
Lung compliance
Ease with bags expand
63
2 factors affecting lung compliance
Stretchability of elastic fibers within lungs, furface tension within alveoli
64
What happens in an infant's lungs during respiratory distress syndrone?
Low compliance. Collapsed alveoli resist expansion
65
With Diaphragm pushed up
- Internal jar volume decreased - Internal jar pressure increased - volume of lungs decreased - out of lungs
66
With Diaphragm pulled down
- internal jar volume increased - internal jar pressure decreased - volume of lungs increased - into lungs
67
Bronchial sounds
Produced by air rushing through large respiratory passageways (trachea + bronchi). Both inhalation and exhalation
68
Vesicular breathing sounds
Result from air filling alveolar sacs and resembles sound of rustling or muffled breeze. Inhalation ONLY
69
Obstructive pulmonary diseases
Airflow into and out of lungs is reduced/restricted. ex. asthma
70
Diagnosis of obstructive pulmonary diseases usually requires
measurements of pulmonary flow rates
71
restrictive pulmonary disease
Person's ability to inflate and deflate the lungs is reduced, and as a result, lung l=volumes and capacities are below normal. ex. Pulmonary fibrosis
72
Restrictive pulmonary diseases are diagnosed by determining
Lung volumes and capacities
73
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions - normal quiet breathing: ~500 ml
74
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation: ~3100 ml
75
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of air tha can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation: ~1200 ml
76
Vital capacity (VC)
The maximum exchangable air in the lungs. Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. VC = TV + IRV + ERV: ~4800 ml
77
Minute respiratory volume
= Tidal volume (in liters) x Respirations per minute
78
Male vital capacity
= (.052) (Height) - (.022)(Age) - 3.60
79
Female vital capacity
= (.041)(Height) - (.018)(Age) - 2.69
80
Forced Vital Capacity
Test in which a limit is placed on the length of time a subject has to expel vital capacity air
81
FEV1
66-83% vital capacity exhaled
82
FEV2
75-94% vital capacity exhaled
83
FEV3
78-97% vital capacity exhaled
84
When Asthmatic exhales their vital capacity maximally, FEV measurements are
all reduced because of heavy mucus secretion and smooth muscle action which reduces airway diameter and increases airway resistance

BIOL 243 (3 decks)

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