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BIOL 243 > Practical 2 > Flashcards

Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic stimulation

A

Internal stimulation that makes the heart beat by itself

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2
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

Specialized, noncontractile cells that cause interinsic stimulation

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3
Q

Intrinsic conduction system

A

1) Initiates the action potential that causes contraction of cardiac muscle fibers
2) Provides a pathway for conduction the action potential to all cardiac muscle fibers

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4
Q

Extrinsic stimulation

A

Only increase or decrease intrinsic pace

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5
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Recods electrical charges in the heart

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6
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)

A

Chart recording of electrical events that occur before each heartbeat

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7
Q

P wave

A

First wave; small, upward direction; represents atrial depolarization; occurs immediately before the atria contract

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8
Q

QRS complex

A

Short downward Q - tall upward R - medium downward S; represents ventricular depolarization; occurs just before the ventricles contract

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9
Q

T wave

A

medium, upward deflection; represents ventricular repolarization and occurs just before the ventricles relax

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10
Q

P-Q interval

A

interval between the beginning of the P wave until the beginning of the Q wave; represents the time interval between the beginning of conraction of the atrium and the beginning of the contraction of the ventricle

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11
Q

Q-T interval

A

Interval of time between the start of Q to the end of T wave; represents the time interval from the beginning of ventricuar depolarization until the end of ventricular repolarization - ventricles are contracting

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12
Q

S-T segment

A

Segment from the end of the S to the beginning of the T wave; it represents the time the ventricular fibers are fully deploarized

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13
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Heart rate of 60-100 beats/min

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14
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate above 100 beats/min

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15
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rates below 60 beats/min

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16
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

(# of squares counted) x 0.04 sec/mm

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17
Q

Heart block

A

Could be produced by cardiac damage to the AV node or AV bundle. Associated with P-Q interval

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18
Q

Complete heart block

A

Results in the ventricles depolarizing independently from the atria

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19
Q

Right or left bundle branch block

A

QRS complex longer than 0.12 sec. Two ventricles do not contract simultaneously.

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20
Q

Myocardial damage

A

Lengthens normal interval of QR interval of 0.38 sec.

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21
Q

What causes air to move into our lungs when we breath

A

the movement of the ribs

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22
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm during inhalation

A

Contraction

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23
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Endoscopic technique of visualizing inside of airways

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24
Q

What is the purpose of physiotherapy on lungs

A

move the mucus

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25
Q

Alveoli

A

Millions of tiny air sacs where gases are exchanged

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26
Q

How does oxygen in the alveolus get into the bloodstream in the lungs?

A

Diffusion of oxygen from alveolus into the bloodstream

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27
Q

How does carbon dioxide get out of the bloodstream?

A

Breathing out makes carbon move from bloodstream to outside

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28
Q

What is the genetic problem in the lungs of someone with Cystic Fibrosis

A

The proteins don’t work properly and the mucus is thicker

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29
Q

How is the progress of cystic fibrosis monitored?

A

Weight, height. Peak flow meter to see how blocked airways are

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30
Q

How does drug Pulmozyme work in cystic fibrosis patients

A

Helps mucus in lungs liquify to help cough it up. Chops up lung molecules

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31
Q

Pneumonia

A

Acute inflammation of the alveoli. The subsequent immune response causes fluid leakage and cellular accumulation (exudate) in the alveoli

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32
Q

Histological description of Smoker’s Lung

A

Dark and mottled. Black deposits, appear more flattened

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33
Q

Histological description of Emphysema

A

Damaged alveoli. Disconnected/disjointed

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34
Q

How does emphysema affect gas exchange between lungs and pulmonary capillaries?

A

Alveoli themselves are damaged

35
Q

Main function of the respiratory system

A

Brings needed oxygen into lungs and eliminates CO2

36
Q

What are the two serous membranes surrounding each lung?

A

Visceral and Parietal pleura

37
Q

What is inside the pleural cavity

A

Pleural/serous fluid

38
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Lubricates and facilitates breathing

39
Q

What anatomical structures make up the “Bronchial Tree”?

A

Terminal, Main, later, segmental bronchae, cartilage, smooth muscle

40
Q

How are bronchioles different from the other structures of the bronchial tree?

A

Walls contain more smooth muscle

41
Q

What anatomical structures are part of the conduction zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

42
Q

What anatomical structures are part of the respiratory zone?

A

Alveoli, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

43
Q

What is surfactant and how does it function in an alveolus?

A

A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins which lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid

44
Q

Anatomical structures that form the respiratory membrane in the lung

A

Alveolar wall and capillary wall

45
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs

46
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Pressure and volume are inversely related

47
Q

What muscles contract during quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

48
Q

what additional muscles come into action during deep inspiration?

A

Sternolcleidomastoid, scalenes

49
Q

What additional muscles come into action during deep expiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles, internal + external oblique

50
Q

Intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure

A

Pressure within the alveoli. 760 mm Hg is normal

51
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the pleural cavity

52
Q

What is the effect of surface tension on an alveolus?

A

Pulls alveoli inward, alveolar wall helps overcome this effect

53
Q

Intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

A

Decrease in pressure

54
Q

Intrapleural pressure during expiration?

A

Increase in pressure. Returns to negative form

55
Q

What happens when the thoracic wall is punctures at least to the level of the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax. Lung collapses

56
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Suction to keep lung inflated

57
Q

What happens to airway resistance when the bronchioles constrict?

A

Resistance increases, decreased airflow

58
Q

Mathematical relationship between air flow and resistance?

A

increase resistance, decreased airflow

59
Q

Effect of parasympathetic (acetylcholine) stimulation on airflow in the bronchioles?

A

Increased air flow, relaxation

60
Q

Effect of histamine application on air flow in bronchioles?

A

Allergic reaction. Increased airway resistance, decreased air flow harder to breath

61
Q

Effect of sympathetic (epinephrine) stimulation on bronchioles?

A

Dilutes bronchioles, decreased airways resistance, increased air flow, adequate gas exchange

62
Q

Lung compliance

A

Ease with bags expand

63
Q

2 factors affecting lung compliance

A

Stretchability of elastic fibers within lungs, furface tension within alveoli

64
Q

What happens in an infant’s lungs during respiratory distress syndrone?

A

Low compliance. Collapsed alveoli resist expansion

65
Q

With Diaphragm pushed up

A
  • Internal jar volume decreased
  • Internal jar pressure increased
  • volume of lungs decreased
  • out of lungs
66
Q

With Diaphragm pulled down

A
  • internal jar volume increased
  • internal jar pressure decreased
  • volume of lungs increased
  • into lungs
67
Q

Bronchial sounds

A

Produced by air rushing through large respiratory passageways (trachea + bronchi). Both inhalation and exhalation

68
Q

Vesicular breathing sounds

A

Result from air filling alveolar sacs and resembles sound of rustling or muffled breeze. Inhalation ONLY

69
Q

Obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

Airflow into and out of lungs is reduced/restricted. ex. asthma

70
Q

Diagnosis of obstructive pulmonary diseases usually requires

A

measurements of pulmonary flow rates

71
Q

restrictive pulmonary disease

A

Person’s ability to inflate and deflate the lungs is reduced, and as a result, lung l=volumes and capacities are below normal.
ex. Pulmonary fibrosis

72
Q

Restrictive pulmonary diseases are diagnosed by determining

A

Lung volumes and capacities

73
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions - normal quiet breathing: ~500 ml

74
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation: ~3100 ml

75
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air tha can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation: ~1200 ml

76
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

The maximum exchangable air in the lungs. Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. VC = TV + IRV + ERV: ~4800 ml

77
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

= Tidal volume (in liters) x Respirations per minute

78
Q

Male vital capacity

A

= (.052) (Height) - (.022)(Age) - 3.60

79
Q

Female vital capacity

A

= (.041)(Height) - (.018)(Age) - 2.69

80
Q

Forced Vital Capacity

A

Test in which a limit is placed on the length of time a subject has to expel vital capacity air

81
Q

FEV1

A

66-83% vital capacity exhaled

82
Q

FEV2

A

75-94% vital capacity exhaled

83
Q

FEV3

A

78-97% vital capacity exhaled

84
Q

When Asthmatic exhales their vital capacity maximally, FEV measurements are

A

all reduced because of heavy mucus secretion and smooth muscle action which reduces airway diameter and increases airway resistance

BIOL 243 (3 decks)

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