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Pharmacology > Practical > Flashcards

Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Metamizol ?

Prescribe Metamizol 500mg 1 package contains 10 tablets, up to 3 times daily

A

Non-opiod analgesic/ reduce fever

Rp/Metamizol 500mg
Da scatulum : N1 in tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet 3 times daily

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2
Q

Diclofenac ( Voltaren) (Feloran )

Film-coated tablet. Prescribe Feloran film-coated tablets, containing 25mg diclofenac. 1 package contains 30 tablets. To be administered 25-50 mg three times a day.

A

NSAID , gout

Rp/Diclofenac
Da scatulum : N1 in in film tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet 3 times daily

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3
Q

Gastroresistant tablet. Prescribe Salazopyrin gastroresistant tablets, containing 500mg sulfasalazine. 1 package contains 20 tablets. To be administered 1500 – 2000mg per day in 3-4 divided doses.

Sulfasalazine ?

A

Rp/Salazopyrin 500mg
Da Scatulum : N1 in tabulettis enterosolvebtibus
Signa : Take 1 tablet 3 times daily

Anti-Rheumatic , Ex rheumatoid arthritis

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4
Q

Prescribe Retard Tablet 300mg Theophylline , 1 packages contains 20 tablets , administer 600mg per day in two divided doses

A

Rp/Theophylline 300mg
Da scatulum: N1 in retard tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet 2 times daily

Treats Asthma and COPD
Bronchodilator, Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor

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5
Q

Prescribe Verapimil 120mg ,1 package contains 50 tablets to be taken 240-480 mg per day divided into two doses

A

Rp/Verapimil 120mg
Da scatulum : N1 in depot tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet 2 times daily

Calcium channel blocker :

1.) Hypertension
2.) Angina
3.) Cardiac Arythmias , Atrial Fibrillation, Supraventricular tachycardia

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6
Q

Prescribe sublingual tablet Isoket containing Isosorbide Dinitrate 5mg , 1 package contains 60 tablets , to be taken a dose of 5mg during acute angina attack

A

Rp/Isosorbide Dinitrate 5mg
Da scatulum : N1 in tabulettis sublingual
Signa : Take 1 during acute angina attack

Nitrates group
Relaxes and dilates blood vessels
Relieves chest pain

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7
Q

Prescribe Efferalgan effervescent tablets containing Paracemtol 500mg , 1 package has 16 tablets to be taken 500-1000mg three to four times daily

A

Rp/Paracetamol 500mg
Da scatulum : N1 In Tabulettis Effervescentibus
Signa : Take 1 tablet 3 times daily

Non-opioid analgesic Anti pyretic (Reduces fever) and pain relief

inhibits and enzyme in brain which produces prostaglandins (these promote inflammation and transmit pain signals)

For kids give syrup lower dosages (Calpol) , Panadol

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8
Q

Capsule. Prescribe Cefalexin capsules, containing 500 mg of the drug for a 5-day treatment. 1package contains 12 capsules. To be administered in a dose of 500 mg every 6 hours

A

Rp/Cefalexin 500mg
Da scatulum: N1 in capsulis
Signa : Take 1 capsule every 6 hours

Cephalosporin which treats Bacterial infections, destroys cell wall

Treats : UTI , cellulitis , Impetigo , Bronchitis, pneumonia throat infections

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9
Q

Pastilles. Prescribe Efisol pastilles, containing250 mg degualine. 1package contains 20 pastilles. To be administered in a dose of 250mg every three hours.

A

Rp/ Degualine 250mg
Da scatulum: N1 in pastilis
Signa : Take 1 pastile every 3 hours

Antibacterial , mild inflammatory in oral cavity

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10
Q

Chewable tablet. Prescribe Singulair tablets, containing 4 mg montelucast. 1package contains 14 tablets. To be administered one tablet in the evening.

A

Rp/ Montelucast 4mg
Da scatulum: N1 in tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet every evening

Leukotrine Receptor Antagonist

Treats : Asthma , hay fever prevents symptoms of asthma also for Hives treatment if person has hives for longer than 6 weeks

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11
Q

Prescribe Amoksiklav in 1,2 g vials. To be administered 1,2g as an i.v. bolus every 8 hours.

A

Rp/ Amoksiklav 1,2 mg
Da tales doses : N21 in flacons
Signa : Take one vial every 8 hours

Treats bacterial infections , Penicillin plus clavulanic acid

Remeber when prescribing Da tales doses N21 in flacons

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12
Q

Prescribe 5 ampoules containing 40 mg Methylprednisolon, powder for injection. To be administered 40 mg once daily i.m.

A

Rp/ Methylprednisolon 40mg
Da tales doses : N5 in ampulis
Signa : Take 1 ampoule daily

Methylpredisolon = Suppress immune system, Reduces inflammation

Mimics the act of cortisol ( Stress , controls BP and increase body metabolism)

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13
Q

Prescribe 20 vials, containing 1000 000 UI Benzylpenicillin. To be administered 1 000 000 UI i.v. every 8 hours

A

Rp/ Benzylpenicillin 1000 000 IU
Da tales doses N20 in flacons
Signa : Take one vial every 8 hours

Also known as penicillin G
Inhibits Transpeptidase ( cross linked with peptidoglycan) , destroys formation of cell wall)

Effective againts gram positive bacteria

Administered via IV or IM

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14
Q

Transdermal therapeutic system. Prescribe Durogesic TTS, containing 2,5mg fentanyl. Durogesic TTS is administered 2,5 mg/72 hrs. Give directions to the patient how to apply the drug.

A

Rp./ Fentanyl 2,5mg
Da tales dosis N1 in transdermal therapeutic system
Signa: Adhere on to hairless skin once every three days

Fentanyl x100 stronger than morphine
Most potent opioid
Binds to opiod receptors in brain and spinal cord reducing perception of pain

IV , Transdermal Patches , Nasal sprays , lozenges

Side effects = Respiratory Depression

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15
Q

Powder. Prescribe five sachets Smecta, containing3,76 g diosmectite. To be administered one sachet 3 times a day diluted in 100 ml of water.

A

Rp/Diosmectite 3,76g
Da tales doses : N5 in pulveribus
Signa : Dilute one sachet in 100ml of water and take 3 times daily

Mineral clay , treats GI issues especially diarrhoea

Binds to toxins and irritants in the digestive tract

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16
Q

Rectalsuppository. Prescribe Profenid rectal suppositories containing100 mg ketoprofen. 1package contains 12 suppositories. To be administered 100 mg once or twice a day.

A

Rp/ Ketoptofen 100mg
Da scatulum N1 in Suppositoris rectalibus
Signa : one suppository per day

NSAID
Rectal pain/inflammation

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17
Q

Rectalsuppository. Prescribe Procto - Glyvenol rectal suppositories. 1 package contains 10 suppositories. To be administered once a day. Give instructions to the patient how to apply the drug.

A

Rp/ Protco-Glyvenol
Da tales doses : N1 in suppositoris rectalibus
Signa : 1 suppository every evening rectally

Treats Hemoroids

Contains Lidocaine—> local Anasthesia

Conatins Tribenoside——> reduces swelling

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18
Q

Vaginal capsule. Prescribe Gyno-Dactarin vaginal capsules, containing 400 mg miconazol. 1package contains 3 vaginalcapsules. Gyno-Dactarin is administered once daily for 3days.

A

Rp/ Miconazol 400mg
Da scatulum N1 in capsulis Vaginalibus
Signa : Take 1 daily for 3 days

Treats fungal infections especially yeast infections

Inhibits growth of yeast, releives itching burning

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19
Q

Vaginal tablet. Prescribe Canesten GYN vaginal tablets, containing200 mg Clotrimazol. 1 package contains 3 vaginal tablets. Canesten GYN is administered once daily for three consecutive days.

A

Rp/ Clotrimazol 200mg
Da scatulum N1 in Tabulettis Vaginalibus
Signa : Take one daily for 3 days

Clotrimazol ——> Anti fungal

Imidazole group

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20
Q

Powder for oral suspension. Prescribe Ospamox 250 mg/5ml containing amoxicillin for 60 ml suspension.

Add water to the mark to make up 60 ml suspension.
Reconstituted suspension contains amoxicillin 50 mg/ml.

Children`s dosage regimen is 50-100 mg/kg/24hrs, divided in 4 doses. Prescribe the drug for a child with body weight of 10 kg.

A

Rp./ Suspensionis Amoxicillin 250mg/5ml

Da. Signa. Add water to the mark. Take 5 ml four times daily

(Rp./ Pulveris Amoxicillin 250mg/5ml

Da. Signa. Add water to the mark.
Take 5 ml every 6 hours

( 100mg x 10kg KG = 1000mg /24 h = 250mg pro Portion)

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21
Q

Granules. Prescribe Uralyt – U in a 280g package containing 2.4g potassium sodium hydrogen citrate in 1 measuring spoonful. To be administered 1 measuring spoonful diluted in a glass of water 4 times a day.

A

Rp/ Granulorum Uralyt-U 280g
Da signa : 1 spoonful diluted in one glass of water 4 times daily

Treats UTI , makes urine less acidic

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22
Q

Mixture. Prescribe Eunervina in a bottle of 125 ml. To be administered one tablespoonful 3-4 times a day

A

Rp/ Mixture Eunervina 125ml
Da signa : One tablespoon 3 times daily

Eunervina ——-> Sedative calming effect

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23
Q

Emulsion. Prescribe 0.1% 20 ml Advantan, containing methylprednisolone. To be applied to the affected area and rubbed in the skin once a day.

A

Rp/ Emulsionis Methylprednisolon 0.1% 20ml
Da signa : Rubbed on affected area of the skin twice a day

Methylprednisolon——> corticosteroid , supress immune system , reduce inflammation

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24
Q

Syrup. Prescribe Paracetamol 125 ml (120mg/5ml) for a child weighing 10 kg. Children`s dosage regimen is 10-15 mg/kg/6hrs

A

Rp./ Sirupi Paracetamol 125ml (// 120mg/5ml)

Da. Signa. Take 5 ml every 6 hours
10mg x 10 kg = 100 mg / 6 hours = minimal dose

15mg x 10 kg = 150 mg / 6 hours = maximal dose

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25
Q

Drops. Prescribe 20 ml 50% Hexalgin solution, containing 500 mg metamizol in 20 drops. To be administered 500 mg 2-3times per day.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Metamizol 50% 20ml
Da signa : Take 20 drops 2 times daily

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26
Q

Eye drops. Prescribe 5 ml 0,3% Okacin solution, containing lomefloxacin. Okacin is applied one drop into the conjunctival sac twice daily.

A

Rp./ Solutionis Iomefloxacin 0,3%% 5ml

Da. Signa. Applied one drop into the conjunctival sac twice daily

lomefloxacin ——> Treat bacterial eye infections such as conjunctivitis , kills/inhibits bacterial growth , reduces inflammation

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27
Q

Nasaldrops. Prescribe 10 ml 0.1 % Xylometasoline solution. To be administered 1-2 drops into each nostril 1-4 four times per day.

A

Rp./ Solutionis Xylometasoline 0.1% 10ml
Da.Signa. 2 drops into each nostril 3 times per day

Xylometasoline —-> constricts blood vessels in nasal passage , reduces swelling and congestion

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28
Q

Eardrops. Prescribe 5 ml Otipax. To be administered 4 -8 drops several times a day.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Otipax 5ml
Da signa : 5 Drops several times per day

Otipax—-> Treats ear infections has lidocaine (local anasthesia) and phenazone which has analgesic effects ( releives pain)

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29
Q

Solution for infusion. Prescribe500 ml 0,9 % sodium chloride. To be administered by intravenous infusion.

A

Rp./ Solutionis Sodium Chloride 0,9% 500ml )
Da. Signa. 1 vial daily by infusion

Known as saline solution (fluid replacement) 0.9% is the normal concentration for fluid replacement

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30
Q

Lotion. Prescribe 60 ml Acne out active. It is applied topically to face lesions 1-2 times per day.

A

Rp/ Lotionis Acne out active 60ml
Da signa : Apply to face lesions 2 times daily

May contain salicylic acid to fight acne or benzoyl peroxide

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31
Q

Shampoo. Prescribe a bottle of Nizoral shampoo 60 ml containing ketoconazole. Nizoral shampoo is applied on the scalp and rubbed in the skin once a day. The scalp is thoroughly rinsed with water after 15minutes.

A

Rp/ Shampoo Ketoconazole 60ml
Da signa : apply on the scalp and rub in the skin once per day. Rinse the scalp afterwards with water for 15 minutes

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32
Q

Ointment. Prescribe one tube of Fucidin ointment 2 %15 g, containing fusidic acid. The ointment is applied to the skin 1 -3 times a day.

A

Rp/ Unguenti Fucidin 2% 15g
Da signa : Apply to skin 2 times daily

Treats bacterial skin infections: Impetigo/ dermatitis

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33
Q

Ophthalmic ointment. Prescribe one tube of Tobrin 0,3 % 5 g. The ointment is applied 2-3 times a day.

A

Rp/ Unguenti Tobrun 0.3% 5g
Da signa : Apply ointment 3 times daily in the eye

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34
Q

Dermal cream. Prescribe 2 % 15g Fucidin, containing fusidic acid.The cream is applied to the skin once or twice a day.

A

Rp/ Creme Fucidin 2% 15mg
Da signa : Apply to skin once per day

Treats bacterial skin infections such as impetgio or dermatitis

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35
Q

Vaginal cream. Prescribe one tube of 40 g Dalacin vaginal cream Containing clindamycin. The cream is applied to the vagina once a day.

A

Rp/ Creme Clindamycin Vaginalis
Da signa : Apply to the vagina once daily

Treats bacterial infections in vaginal area such as bacterial vaginosis

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36
Q

Vaginal cream.Prescribe Pharmatex vaginal cream 72 g. The cream is applied to the vagina prior to sexual intercourse.

A

Rp/ Creme Pharmatex Vaginalis 72g
Da signa : Apply to the vagina prior to sexual intercourse

  • Non hormonal contraceptive method
  • Contains Benzalkonium chloride and colloidal sulphur these substances creates a barrier and destroys sperm
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37
Q

Gel.Prescribe 2,5% 20 g Fastum gel, containing ketoprofen. Fastum gel is applied to the affected area twice a day.

A

Rp/ Ketoprofen gel 2.5% 20g
Da signa : Apply to affected area twice a day

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38
Q

Spray. Prescribe 0,2 % 10 ml Salbutamol aerosol (1 dose = 100 μg). Inhale by mouth100 -200 μg 3-4 times a day.

A

Rp/ Spray Salbutamol 0.2% 10ml
Da signa : Inhale by mouth 1 puff 3 times daily

Known as Albuterol ,Bronchodilator common in Asthma or COPD

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39
Q

Nasal spray. Prescribe Beclomet nasal 10 ml, containing beclometasone 100 μg/dose. Administer one spraydose (100 μg)in each nostril 3-4 times daily.

A

Rp/ Spray Beclometasone nasalis 10ml
Da signa : One spraydose in each nostril 3 times daily

Corticosteroid , treat’s allergic rhinitis

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40
Q

Solution. Prescribe both in the short and extended version 4% 150ml solution of Sodium citrate (Natrii citras) for oral application. Sodium citrate should be applied in a single dose of 600mg. To be administered 1 tablespoonful 3 times daily.

A

Rp./ Solutionis Natrii Citras 4% 150ml
Da. Signa. Take one tablespoon 3 times daily

Rp./ Natrii Citras 6g
Aquae destillatet ad 150ml
Misce fiat solutio
Signa : take one tablespoon three times daily

Urinary Alkalinisation anticoagulant

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41
Q

Solution. Prescribe 200ml 0,1% Rivanol solution. The solution is applied to the skin for the treatment of wounds.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Rivanol 0.1% 200ml
Da signa : Apply to the skin for treatment of wounds

Antiseptic

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42
Q

Ethanolic solution. Prescribe 5% 100ml ethanolic solution of Iodine (Solutio Iodi spirituosae). The solution is applied to the affected area of the skin.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Lodi spirituosae 5% 100ml
Da signa : Apply to affected area of skin

Antiseptic

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43
Q

Solution. Prescribe 3% 100ml Hydrogen peroxide solution.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Hydrogen Peroxide 3% 100ml
Da Signa : Apply to the effected area of skin when needed

Antiseptic

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44
Q

Mixture. Prescribe 300ml mixture, containing Potassium iodide (Kalii jodidum) in a single dose of 300mg, Sodium bromide (Natrii bromidum) in a single dose of 500mg and mint syrup (Sirupus Menthae). The mixture is administered 1 tablespoonful 3 times daily. What is the percentage of the mint syrup?

A

Rp./ Kalii jodidum 6g
Natrii Bromidum 10g
Sirupi menthae 90ml children / 60 ml adults
Aquae destillatae ad 30ml
Misce fiat mixtura
Da. Signa. One tablespoonful three times daily

Pottasium iodide and Sodium Bromide Treats Respiratory conditions, Mint can help in cough , throat irritation and flavour

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45
Q

Drops. Prescribe 15 ml Tinctura Valerianae aerherea. To be adminstered 15 drops 2-3 times daily.

A

Rp/ Solutionis Tinctura Valerianae aerherea 15ml
Da signa 15 drops 2 times daily orally

Calming sedative effects used for sleeping disorders anxiety and nervousness , Valerian is a herb

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46
Q

Nasal drops. Prescribe both in the short and extended version magistral solution of Collargol (Argentum colloidale) 2% 10 ml. To be administered 2 drops into each nostril 2-3 times daily.

A

Short Version:
Rp./ Solutionis Collargoli nasalis 2% 10 ml
Da. Signa 2 drops into each nostril, 3 times daily

Long Version:
Rp./ Collargoli 0,2g
Aquae destillatae ad 10ml
Misce fiat solutio
Da.Signa: 2 drops into each nostril, 3 times daily

Used for bacterial or viral infections in nasal passage

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47
Q

Ointment (Unguentum). Prescribe both in the short and extended version 50g magistral ointment, containing 5% Salicylic acid (Acidum salicylicum).

A

Short version
Rp./ Unguenti Acidum salicylium 5% 50g
Da. Signa Apply to affected area 3 times daily

Long version:
Rp./ Acidi Salicyclici 2,5g Vaselini ad 50g
Misce fiat unguentum
Da. Signa: Apply to affected area 3 times daily

Used for warts and calluses,acne oxfoliates outer layer of skin

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48
Q

Liniment (Linimentum). Prescribe liniment containing equal quantities of Oleum Lini and distilled water. The liniment is applied to the affected area twice daily.

A

Rp./ Oleum Lini
Aquae deatillatae aa 150ml
Misce fiat linimentum
Da. Signa. Apply to the affected area twice daily

Emollient which prevents inflammation

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49
Q

Calculate the loading dose of Lidocaine to be applied as an i.v. bolus for 2 minutes to a patient with ventricular tachycardia and body weight 70 kg, considering that the volume of distribution of the drug is 0,5 l/kg, and its steady-state plasma concentration is 2 mg/l.

A

DL = loading dose (mg)
Vd = distribution volume (L/ Kg)
Css = Steady state concentration (mg/ L)
DL = Vd x Css —> DL = (70 x 0.5) x 2 —> 70 mg

Vd = 0,5; Css = 2 mg/ L; Patient =70 kg —> Patient Vd = 70 x 0.5

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50
Q

In patients with normal renal function Gentamicin has plasma half-life (t1/2) 2 hrs and dosage interval 8 hrs. Calculate the adjusted dosage interval of the drug in a patient with urinary tract infection and renal failure leading to prolongation of its t1/2to 15 hrs.

A

So, the adjusted dosage interval for Gentamicin in a patient with renal failure would be approximately 21.64 hours. However, in practical terms, the dosage interval is usually rounded to the nearest practical dosing time, so the new dosage interval might be rounded to the nearest convenient time, such as 24 hours in clinical practice.

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51
Q

Calculate the volume of distribution (Vd) of Theophylline if the steady-state plasma concentration after a single oral dose of 350mg is 10mg/l.

A

D = Vol x Css
D = 350 mg; Css = 10 ml;
VL = ? Vd= D
/Css = 350/10 = 35

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52
Q

Prescribe a directly acting cholinomimetic drug in the form of collyrium (eye drops) 2% 10 ml (atropine, timolol, pilocarpine).

A

Rp/ Collyrium Pilocarpine 2% 10ml
Da signa : 1 drop into eyes twice daily

-Cholinomimetic—-> Mimics acetylcholine helps muscle contraction

-Atropine Anticholinergic drug , dilates pupil , antidote for organophosphate poisoning

-Timolol Beta blocker lower Intraocular pressure in conditions like glaucoma

-Pilocarpine Constricts pupil and increase drainage from aqueous humor of eye , good in glaucoma

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53
Q

Prescribe a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase in ampoules for subcutaneous injection (carbachol,
galantamine, atropine).

A

Rp/ Galantamine 1mg/1ml
Da tales doses N5 in ampullis
Signa : Take 1 ampoule per day subcutaneously

Carbachol Cholinomimetic drug that stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, used for conditions like glaucoma

Galantamine = Acetylcholine inhibitor used in Alzhimers disease

Atropine Antimuscarinic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors, used to dilate pupils and treat bradycardia antidote as well

Cholinesterase breaks Acetylcholine down so we inhibit this cholinesterase this way we get more Acetylcholine

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54
Q

Prescribe a drug of plant origin with M-cholinolyticactivity in ampoules of 1 mg/1ml (pyridostigmine, atropine, hyoscine butylbromide).

A

Rp./ Atropine 1mg/1ml
Da tales doses N3 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampule daily i.m. ( /i.v. / s.c.)

Pyridostigmine = Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in myasthenia gravis

hyoscine butylbromide = treats IBD

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55
Q

Prescribe an alpha1-adrenomimetic agent in tablets of 2,5 mg (midodrine, xylometazoline, ephedrine).

A

Rp./ Midodrine 2.5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: Take 1 tablet morning/ evening

1.	Midodrine:
•	Function: Alpha1-adrenergic agonist.
•	Group: Adrenergic agents used in the management of orthostatic hypotension.

2.	Xylometazoline:
•	Function: Alpha1-adrenergic agonist (commonly used as a nasal decongestant).
•	Group: Nasal decongestants.

3.	Ephedrine:
•	Function: Mixed alpha and beta adrenergic agonist.
•	Group: Sympathomimetic agent with a range of uses, including bronchodilation, raising blood pressure, and treating nasal congestion.
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56
Q
  1. Prescribe a nasal decongestant with alpha-adrenomimetic activity in vials of 0,1% 10 ml (pilocarpine, timolol, xylometazoline).
A

Rp./ Xylometazoline 0.1% 10 ml
Signa: 1 or 2 drops, every 6 hours nasally

1.	Pilocarpine:
•	Function: Muscarinic agonist.
•	Group: Cholinergic drugs.
•	Use: Commonly used to treat glaucoma by promoting the drainage of aqueous humor from the eye.


2.	Timolol:
•	Function: Non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist (beta-blocker).
•	Group: Beta-blockers.
•	Use: Often prescribed to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma and manage certain cardiovascular conditions.


3.	Xylometazoline:
•	Function: Alpha1-adrenergic agonist.
•	Group: Nasal decongestants.
•	Use: Primarily used as a nasal decongestant to relieve nasal congestion.
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57
Q

Prescribe an adrenomimetic drug activating alpha1-, beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors (noradrenaline, isoprenaline, adrenaline).

A

Rp./ Adrenaline 0.1% 1ml
Da tales doses No 5 in Ampullis I.M.
Signa: 1 subcutaneous injection per day

Noradrenaline= non-selective adrenomimetic, BUT α effects > β effects

Ioprenaline = mainly used for its Beta adrenergic effects increase HR and bronchodilation

Adrenaline = Alpha and beta receptros adrenomimetic , Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest , severe asthma attacks

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58
Q

Prescribe an antiasthmatic drug in the form of spray, inducing least frequently heart tachyarrhytmias (isoprenaline, salbutamol, ephedrine).

A

Rp/ Salbutamol 0.2% 10ml
Signa : 2 puffs 3 times daily

1.	Isoprenaline:
•	Function: Non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Bronchodilation and treatment of bradycardia.
•	Note: May cause heart tachyarrhythmias.


2.	Salbutamol:
•	Function: Selective beta2-adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD.
•	Note: Preferred over isoprenaline for reducing the risk of heart tachyarrhythmias.


3.	Ephedrine:
•	Function: Non-selective alpha and beta adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Bronchodilation and nasal decongestion.
•	Note: Can increase heart rate and blood pressure, with a potential for cardiac side effects.
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59
Q

Prescribe a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking agent in tablets of 50 mg (metoprolol, salbutamol, propranolol).

A

Rp/ Metoprolol 50mg
Da scatulum N1 in tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet daily

1.	Metoprolol:
•	Function: Selective beta1-adrenergic blocker.
•	Use: Primarily prescribed for conditions like hypertension, angina, and heart failure.
•	Why: Its selectivity for beta1 receptors makes it suitable for cardiovascular conditions while minimizing bronchoconstriction, making it a preferred choice in patients with respiratory concerns.



2.	Salbutamol:
•	Function: Beta2-adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Used for bronchodilation in conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
•	Why: Salbutamol has a different mechanism, promoting bronchodilation instead of beta-blockade, making it inappropriate for addressing cardiovascular conditions like hypertension.



3.	Propranolol:
•	Function: Non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker.
•	Use: Treats various cardiovascular conditions but may cause bronchoconstriction.
•	Why: While effective for cardiovascular issues, its non-selectivity for beta receptors may lead to adverse respiratory effects, making it less suitable than metoprolol in patients with respiratory concerns.
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60
Q

Prescribe a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking agent with low fat solubility in tablets of 25 mg (propranolol, carvedilol, atenolol).

A

Rp/ Atenolol 25mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

  1. Propranolol:
    • Function: Non-selective beta-blocker.
    • Use: Cardiovascular conditions, but caution in respiratory issues due to potential bronchoconstriction.
  2. Carvedilol:
    • Function: Non-selective beta-blocker and alpha-blocker.
    • Use: Heart failure, hypertension, and post-myocardial infarction.
  3. Atenolol:
    • Function: Selective beta1-blocker.
    • Use: Hypertension, angina, and post-myocardial infarction.
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61
Q

Prescribe a sympatholytic drug, activating mainly central alpha2-adrenergic receptors in tablets of 0,15 mg (simvastatin, nebivolol, clonidine).

A

Rp/ Clonidine 0.15mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Simvastatin:
•	Function: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin).
•	Use: Lowers cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events.
•	Note: Primarily used for managing hypercholesterolemia.


2.	Nebivolol:
•	Function: Beta1-adrenergic blocker with vasodilatory effects.
•	Use: Treats hypertension and heart failure.
•	Note: Known for its vasodilatory action through nitric oxide release.


3.	Clonidine:
•	Function: Alpha2-adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Manages hypertension and withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependence.
•	Note: Acts centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, leading to decreased blood pressure.
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62
Q

Prescribe a selective alpha1-adrenergic antagonist in tablets of 2 mg (phenylefrine, prazosin, carvedilol).

A

Rp./ Prazosin 1mg
Da scatulam No 1 in tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Phenylephrine:
•	Function: Alpha1-adrenergic agonist.
•	Use: Nasal decongestant and to raise blood pressure in certain medical situations.
•	Note: Primarily acts on alpha1 receptors.


2.	Prazosin:
•	Function: Alpha1-adrenergic blocker.
•	Use: Treats hypertension and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
•	Note: Blocks alpha1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.


3.	Carvedilol:
•	Function: Non-selective beta-blocker and alpha1-blocker.
•	Use: Heart failure, hypertension, and post-myocardial infarction.
•	Note: Has both beta and alpha-blocking properties, providing a unique combination for cardiovascular benefits.
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63
Q

Prescribe a second generation H1-receptor antagonist without sedative effect in tablets of 10 mg (promethazine, loratadine, ranitidine).

A

Rp. Loratidine 10mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet daily

1.	Promethazine:
•	Function: First-generation antihistamine with antiemetic properties.
•	Use: Treats allergy symptoms, nausea, and vomiting.
•	Note: Can cause sedation and is often used for motion sickness.


2.	Loratadine:
•	Function: Second-generation antihistamine.
•	Use: Relieves allergy symptoms without causing significant sedation.
•	Note: Preferred for its non-sedating properties.


3.	Ranitidine:
•	Function: H2-receptor antagonist.
•	Use: Treats conditions like peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
•	Note: Reduces stomach acid production by blocking H2 receptors.
64
Q

Prescribe a synthetic local anaesthetic in ampoules 0,5% 10 ml which is also used in ventricular arrhythmias (procaine,ketamine, lidocaine).

A

Rp./ Lidocaine 0.5% 10ml
Da tales doses No 5 in Ampullis
Signa: 1 ampule daily, given as I.V

  1. Procaine:
    • Function: Local anesthetic.
    • Use: Used for local anesthesia in various medical procedures.
    • Note: Procaine is an ester-type local anesthetic with a shorter duration of action compared to amide-type local anesthetics.
  2. Ketamine:
    • Function: Dissociative anesthetic and NMDA receptor antagonist.
    • Use: Induces anesthesia and analgesia; also used for sedation and pain management.
    • Note: Known for its hallucinogenic effects and unique mechanism of action.
  3. Lidocaine:
    • Function: Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent.
    • Use: Used for local and regional anesthesia, and in cardiac arrhythmias.
    • Note: Lidocaine is an amide-type local anesthetic with a rapid onset and intermediate duration of action.
65
Q

Prescribe a benzodiazepine hypnotic drug which does not affect significantly the duration of REM sleep in tablets of 40 mg on a green-colored prescription form used for controlled drugs (melatonin, zolpidem, cinolazepam).

A

Rp./ Zolpidem 40mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet before sleep

  1. Melatonin:
    • Function: Endogenous hormone and exogenous supplement.
    • Use: Regulates sleep-wake cycles, often used for sleep disorders and jet lag.
    • Note: Mimics the natural sleep hormone produced by the pineal gland.
  2. Zolpidem:
    • Function: Sedative-hypnotic, non-benzodiazepine.
    • Use: Treats insomnia by promoting sleep initiation.
    • Note: Works on GABA receptors in a similar manner to benzodiazepines but has a different chemical structure.
  3. Cinolazepam:
    • Function: Benzodiazepine derivative.
    • Use: Sedative and anxiolytic properties, used for insomnia and anxiety disorders.
    • Note: Acts on GABA receptors, similar to other benzodiazepines, with effects on central nervous system depression.
66
Q

Prescribe a hydantoin derivative with antiepileptic and antiarrhythmic activity in tablets of 100 mg (phenobarbital, ethosuximide, phenytoin).

A

Rp./ Phenytoin 100 mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet 3 times/ day

  1. Phenobarbital:
    • Function: Barbiturate antiepileptic.
    • Use: Treats seizures and epilepsy.
    • Note: Acts by enhancing the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
  2. Ethosuximide:
    • Function: Antiepileptic agent.
    • Use: Specifically used for absence seizures.
    • Note: Works by blocking T-type calcium channels in neurons.
  3. Phenytoin:
    • Function: Antiepileptic, sodium channel blocker.
    • Use: Treats various types of seizures.
    • Note: Stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium influx.
67
Q

Prescribe a succinimide antiepileptic drug in capsules of 250 mg (diazepam, ethosuximide, carbamazepine).

A

Rp./ Ethosuximide 250mg
Da scatulam No 1 in capsulis
Signa: 1 capsule in the morning, 1 in the evening

  1. Diazepam:
    • Function: Benzodiazepine, antiepileptic, and anxiolytic.
    • Use: Treats anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms.
    • Note: Enhances the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
  2. Ethosuximide:
    • Function: Antiepileptic agent.
    • Use: Specifically used for absence seizures.
    • Note: Blocks T-type calcium channels in neurons.
  3. Carbamazepine:
    • Function: Antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing agent.
    • Use: Treats seizures, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder.
    • Note: Acts by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing the excitability of neurons.
68
Q

Prescribe a parenteral antiepileptic drug to a patient with grand mal on a green-colored prescription form used for controlled drugs (ethosuximide, sodium valproate, phenobarbital).

A

Rp./ Phenobarbital 200 mg/ 2 ml
Da tales doses No 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampule to be taken I.M. when necessary

  1. Ethosuximide:
    • Function: Antiepileptic agent.
    • Use: Specifically used for absence seizures.
    • Note: Works by blocking T-type calcium channels in neurons.
    • Reason for not choosing: Ethosuximide is typically administered orally, and it’s not commonly used parenterally.
  2. Sodium Valproate:
    • Function: Antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing agent.
    • Use: Treats various types of seizures and bipolar disorder.
    • Note: Mechanism includes enhancing GABA activity and blocking sodium channels.
    • Reason for not choosing: While sodium valproate can be administered parenterally, phenobarbital is often preferred in certain emergency situations for rapid control of seizures.
  3. Phenobarbital:
    • Function: Barbiturate antiepileptic.
    • Use: Treats seizures and epilepsy.
    • Note: Acts by enhancing the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
    • Reason for choosing: Phenobarbital is chosen for parenteral administration in emergency situations due to its efficacy in controlling various types of seizures, including grand mal seizures. It is available in injectable forms and is often used when rapid intervention is required.
69
Q

Prescribe a benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug in ampoules used in status epilepticus on a green colored prescription form used for controlled drugs (bromazepam, diazepam, flumazenil).

A

Rp./ Diazepam 10mg/ 2ml
Da tales doses No 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampule to be taken I.V. when necessary

  1. Bromazepam:
    • Function: Benzodiazepine, anxiolytic, and sedative-hypnotic.
    • Use: Treats anxiety disorders.
    • Note: Acts on GABA receptors to produce calming effects.
    • Reason for not choosing: Bromazepam is not commonly used in the management of status epilepticus. Its onset of action may not be as rapid as needed in emergency seizure situations.
  2. Diazepam:
    • Function: Benzodiazepine, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant.
    • Use: Treats anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms.
    • Note: Enhances the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
    • Reason for choosing: Diazepam is often preferred in emergencies like status epilepticus due to its rapid onset of action and effectiveness in stopping seizures quickly. It can be administered intravenously or rectally.
  3. Flumazenil:
    • Function: Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist.
    • Use: Reverses the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases of overdose or during anesthesia.
    • Note: Competitively binds to benzodiazepine receptors, blocking the actions of benzodiazepines.
    • Reason for not choosing: Flumazenil is used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines and is not typically used in the management of seizures like diazepam.
70
Q

Prescribe a drug in tablets of 200 mg to a patient with trigeminal neuralgia (morphine, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine).

A

Rp./ Carbamazepine 200mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Morphine:
•	Function: Opioid analgesic.
•	Use: Treats moderate to severe pain.
•	Note: Not a first-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Opioids are generally not recommended for neuropathic pain due to the risk of addiction and limited efficacy.
2.	Carbamazepine:
•	Function: Antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing agent.
•	Use: Effective in treating trigeminal neuralgia and certain types of seizures.
•	Note: Works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing nerve impulses. First-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia.
3.	Chlorpromazine:
•	Function: Antipsychotic and antiemetic.
•	Use: Treats psychotic disorders and nausea/vomiting.
•	Note: Not a first-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Antipsychotics are not typically indicated for neuropathic pain.
71
Q

Precribe an antiparkinsonian drug containing 250 mg Levodopa plus 25 mg peripheral DOPA decarboxilase inhibitor in tablets (co-careldopa, selegiline, biperiden).

A

Rp./ Co-Careldopa 250mg / 25mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa: 1 Tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Co-Careldopa:
•	Composition: Contains 250 mg Levodopa plus 25 mg peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor.
•	Function: Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine, and the inhibitor helps increase Levodopa’s availability in the brain.
•	Use: Treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
2.	Selegiline:
•	Function: Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor.
•	Use: Adjunctive therapy in Parkinson’s disease.
•	Note: Slows the breakdown of dopamine, enhancing its effects.
3.	Biperiden:
•	Function: Anticholinergic agent.
•	Use: Treats parkinsonian symptoms, particularly tremors and rigidity.
•	Note: Counteracts excessive acetylcholine in the brain, helping to restore balance in neurotransmitters.
72
Q

Prescribe a neuroleptic drug in ampoules of 5 mg/1 ml used in the management of acute psychomotor agitation (oxazepam, thioridazine, haloperidol).

A

Rp./ Haloperido 5mg/ 1ml
Da tales doses No 5 in ampullis
Signa: 1 Ampule I.M. when necessary

•	Oxazepam: While effective for anxiety, it is not typically used for acute agitation. Its onset is slower, and it’s more commonly administered orally for conditions like anxiety and alcohol withdrawal.

3.	Haloperidol:
•	Function: Typical antipsychotic.
•	Use: Treats schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
•	Note: Primarily blocks dopamine receptors in the brain.

•	Thioridazine: This typical antipsychotic has been associated with potentially serious side effects, including cardiac issues, which limits its use. Haloperidol is often preferred in emergency settings for its safety profile.
73
Q

Prescribe an antidepressant which inhibits selectively serotonin neuronal uptake in tablets of 50 mg (clomipramine, sertraline, maprotiline).

A

Rp./ Sertraline 50mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet daily

1.	Clomipramine:
•	Type: Tricyclic antidepressant.
•	Function: Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
•	Use: Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other depressive disorders.
•	Consideration: Non-selective action, leading to potential anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects.

2.	Sertraline:
•	Type: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
•	Function: Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.
•	Use: Commonly prescribed for depression and various anxiety disorders.
•	Consideration: More selective action on serotonin, generally associated with a more favorable side effect profile compared to tricyclic antidepressants.

3.	Maprotiline:
•	Type: Tetracyclic antidepressant with noradrenergic and serotonergic effects.
•	Function: Inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine.
•	Use: Treatment of depression.
•	Consideration: Potential anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects, similar to tricyclic antidepressants.
74
Q

Prescribe a benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug with mild hypnotic effect in tablets of 3 mg on a green-colored prescription form used for controlled drugs (midazolam, bromazepam, diazepam).

A

Rp./ Bromazepam 3mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa. 1 - 3 to be taken daily

Bromazepam:

•	Anxiolytic with mild hypnotic effects.
•	Suitable for anxiety disorders.
•	Intermediary duration of action.
•	Controlled drug, providing regulatory oversight.
•	Prescribed in tablet form for convenient administration.

Midazolam:

•	Short-acting benzodiazepine.
•	Primarily used for sedation before medical procedures or in emergency situations.
•	Rapid onset and short duration of action.
•	Less suitable for treating chronic anxiety due to its short duration.

Diazepam:

•	Intermediate to long-acting benzodiazepine.
•	Treats anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms.
•	Broader range of applications, including muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant effects.
•	Controlled drug but with a longer duration of action compared to midazolam.

Each benzodiazepine has distinct characteristics, including onset and duration of action, specific therapeutic uses, and regulatory considerations. The choice depends on the patient’s condition, the desired effects, and individual factors. In this case, bromazepam is chosen for its anxiolytic and mild hypnotic effects, suitable for treating anxiety with additional sleep-promoting benefits.

75
Q

Prescribe a nootropic drug in capsules of 400 mg (vinpocetin, mianserine, piracetam).

A

Rp./ Piracetam 400mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Capsullis
Signa: 1 - 2 capsules every 8 hours

1.	Vinpocetine:
•	Type: Cognitive enhancer and vasodilator.
•	Function: Improves cerebral blood flow and may have neuroprotective effects.
•	Use: Often used as a nootropic, potentially enhancing cognitive function.

2.	Mianserin:
•	Type: Tetracyclic antidepressant.
•	Function: Primarily used to treat depression.
•	Note: May have sedative effects.

3.	Piracetam:
•	Type: Nootropic agent.
•	Function: Belongs to the racetam class, thought to enhance cognitive function.
•	Use: Often used to improve memory and cognitive performance.
76
Q

Prescribe an analgesic drug in ampoules 5% 2 ml on a green-colored prescription form used for controlled drugs (metamizole, ibuprofen, pethidine).

A

Rp./ Pethidine 5% 2ml
Da tales doses No 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampules I.M. when necessary

1.	Metamizole:
•	Type: Non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic.
•	Function: Relieves pain and reduces fever.
•	Use: Commonly used for various types of pain, including postoperative pain.


2.	Ibuprofen:
•	Type: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
•	Function: Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.
•	Use: Often used for mild to moderate pain and inflammation.


3.	Pethidine (Meperidine):
•	Type: Opioid analgesic.
•	Function: Acts on opioid receptors to relieve moderate to severe pain.
•	Use: Typically used for acute pain, postoperative pain, and certain medical procedures.
77
Q

Prescribe a non-opioid analgesic drug in tablets of 500 mg, used for treatment of dysmenorrhea (acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, tramadol).

A

Rp./ Paracetamol 500mg
Da scatulam No 1 in Tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet when necessary, 4 - 6 max a day

1.	Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin):
•	Type: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
•	Function: Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.
•	Use: Commonly used for mild to moderate pain and as an antiplatelet agent.


2.	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen):
•	Type: Non-opioid analgesic.
•	Function: Relieves pain and reduces fever.
•	Use: Widely used for various types of pain and as an antipyretic.


3.	Tramadol:
•	Type: Opioid analgesic.
•	Function: Acts on opioid receptors to relieve moderate to moderately severe pain.
•	Use: Typically used for various types of pain, including postoperative pain and chronic conditions.
78
Q

Prescribe a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a derivative of propionic acid in film-coated tablets of 200 mg (ibuprofen, diclofenac, meloxicam).

A

Rp./ Ibuprofen 200mg (max daily dose 1200 mg per 24hrs)
Da scatulam No 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet when necessary

1.	Ibuprofen:
•	Type: Propionic acid derivative (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID).
•	Reason for choosing: Ibuprofen is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Its propionic acid derivative structure contributes to its mechanism of action in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.


2.	Diclofenac:
•	Type: Phenylacetic acid derivative (NSAID).
•	Consideration: Diclofenac is another NSAID with anti-inflammatory properties, but its structure is derived from phenylacetic acid. It is effective in treating various inflammatory conditions.


3.	Meloxicam:
•	Type: Enolic acid derivative (NSAID).
•	Consideration: Meloxicam, while also an NSAID, is derived from enolic acid. It is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, commonly prescribed for conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
79
Q

Prescribe a methylated derivative of digoxin in tablets of 0,1mg.

A

Rp./ Lanitop 0,1 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tablettis
Signa

80
Q

Prescribe a cardiac glycoside in ampoules of 0,25 mg/2ml for intravenous application (dobutamine, digoxin, milrinone).

A

Rp./ Digoxin 0,25mg/2ml
Da tales doses No. 10 in ampullis
Signa 2 ampoules daily in a slow i.v. Infusion

1.	Dobutamine:
•	Type: Beta-1 adrenergic agonist.
•	Function: Inotropic agent that stimulates the heart, increasing cardiac output.
•	Use: Often used in heart failure or conditions requiring increased cardiac contractility.

2.	Digoxin:
•	Type: Cardiac glycoside.
•	Function: Increases the force of myocardial contractions and slows the heart rate.
•	Use: Commonly used in heart failure and certain arrhythmias.

3.	Milrinone:
•	Type: Phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
•	Function: Inotropic and vasodilator effects, improving cardiac output.
•	Use: Typically used in acute heart failure and conditions where increased cardiac contractility is needed.
81
Q

Prescribe a loop diuretic used in edema due to heart failure in 5mg tabletes (indapamide, torasemide, chlorthalidone).

A

Rp./ Torasemide 5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet daily

1.	Indapamide:
•	Type: Thiazide-like diuretic.
•	Function: Promotes diuresis (increased urine production) by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.
•	Use: Often used to treat hypertension and edema.


2.	Torasemide:
•	Type: Loop diuretic.
•	Function: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production.
•	Use: Commonly used to treat edema associated with heart failure and hypertension.


3.	Chlorthalidone:
•	Type: Thiazide diuretic.
•	Function: Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, promoting diuresis.
•	Use: Used to treat hypertension and edema.
82
Q

Prescribe an antianginal preparation which is also used as an inhibitorof platelet aggregation in coated tablets of 25 mg (acetylsalicylic acid, ticlopidine, dipyridamole).

A

Rp./ Dipyridamole 25 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet 3 times per day

1.	Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin):
•	Function: Inhibits platelet aggregation and acts as an antianginal.
•	Use: Widely used as an antiplatelet agent for cardiovascular protection and in the management of angina.


2.	Ticlopidine:
•	Function: Inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
•	Use: Used to prevent blood clots in conditions such as after coronary stent placement.


3.	Dipyridamole:
•	Function: Inhibits platelet aggregation and has vasodilatory effects.
•	Use: Used as an antianginal agent and often in combination with other medications for cardiovascular protection.

Why Dipyridamole:
Dipyridamole is chosen for its dual action as an antianginal and an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Its vasodilatory effects contribute to its antianginal properties, making it suitable for certain cardiovascular conditions. Always consider individual patient characteristics and consult with a healthcare professional for personalized medical advice.

83
Q

Prescribe a dilator of coronary arteries used for the treatment of angina attack (bisoprolol, glyceryl trinitrate, trimetazidine).

A

Rp./ Glycerylnitrate 0,5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in lingvettis
Signa 1 tablet under the tongue when necessary, max 3 tablets in 30 mins, if symptoms remain call emergency service

1.	Bisoprolol:
•	Type: Beta-blocker.
•	Function: Blocks the effects of adrenaline on the heart, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
•	Use: Often prescribed for conditions like hypertension and heart failure.

2.	Glyceryl Trinitrate (Nitroglycerin): immediate emergency 
•	Type: Nitrate.
•	Function: Dilates blood vessels, primarily veins, reducing the workload on the heart and improving blood flow.
•	Use: Commonly used for the relief of angina symptoms.

3.	Trimetazidine: (2nd line of treatment) not in emergency taken as prevention over time
•	Type: Metabolic agent.
•	Function: Improves the efficiency of energy production in the heart muscle cells.
•	Use: Often used in the management of angina.
84
Q

Prescribe an antiarrhythmic drug belonging to the group of calcium channel blockers in 40mg tablets used mainly for the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias, (propranolol. flunarizine, verapamil).

A

Rp./ Verapamil 40 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet 3 times a day

1.	Propranolol:
•	Type: Beta-blocker.
•	Function: Blocks the effects of adrenaline, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Also used for migraine prevention.
•	Use: Commonly prescribed for hypertension, angina, and migraine prophylaxis.


2.	Flunarizine:
•	Type: Calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Blocks calcium channels, reducing calcium entry into cells, which can help prevent migraines.
•	Use: Primarily used for the prevention of migraine attacks.

3.	Verapamil:
•	Type: Calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Inhibits calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac workload.
•	Use: Prescribed for hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias.
85
Q

Prescribe an antihypertensive preparation in 5 mg tablets, which is a selective beta- adrenergic blocker with vasodilating activity (carvedilol, nebivolol, propranolol).

A

Rp./ Nebivolol 5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet every morning

1.	Carvedilol:
•	Type: Non-selective beta-blocker and alpha-1 blocker.
•	Function: Blocks beta receptors and alpha-1 receptors, reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and workload on the heart.
•	Use: Prescribed for heart failure, hypertension, and certain cardiovascular conditions.

2.	Nebivolol:
•	Type: Selective beta-1 blocker with vasodilatory properties.
•	Function: Blocks beta-1 receptors, reducing heart rate, and has additional vasodilatory effects.
•	Use: Often used for hypertension and heart failure.

3.	Propranolol:
•	Type: Non-selective beta-blocker.
•	Function: Blocks beta receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Also used for migraine prevention.
•	Use: Prescribed for conditions like hypertension, angina, and migraine prophylaxis.
86
Q

Prescribe a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker in 5 mg tablets used for the treatment of arterial hypertension and chronic ishaemic heart disease (diltiazem, amlodipine, verapamil).

A

Rp./ Amlodipine 5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet per day

1.	Diltiazem:
•	Type: Calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Inhibits calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac workload.
•	Use: Prescribed for hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias.

2.	Amlodipine:
•	Type: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Blocks calcium entry into cells, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
•	Use: Commonly used for hypertension and certain cardiovascular conditions.

3.	Verapamil:
•	Type: Calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Inhibits calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac workload.
•	Use: Prescribed for hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias.
87
Q

Prescribe an antihypertensive combination product, containing 10mg lisinopril and 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide.

A

Rp./ Cibadrex 10mg/12,5mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet per day

88
Q

Prescribe an antihypertensive drug in 10 mg tablets, which is an inhibitor of angiotensin- I-convertase (nifedipine, enalapril, losartan).

A

Rp./ Enalapril 10 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet in the morning and 1 in the evening

1.	Nifedipine:
•	Type: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Blocks calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. Also used for angina.
•	Use: Prescribed for hypertension and certain cardiovascular conditions.


2.	Enalapril:
•	Type: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
•	Function: Blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
•	Use: Commonly used for hypertension, heart failure, and certain kidney conditions.


3.	Losartan:
•	Type: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).
•	Function: Blocks the effects of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
•	Use: Prescribed for hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions.
89
Q

Prescribe an antihypertensive drug in 80mg tablets which is an AT1 receptor blocker (indapamide, lisinopril, valsartan).

A

Rp./ Valsertan 80 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet a day

Lisonopril = ACE inhibitor
Indapamide = Thiazide Diuretic
Valsartan = ARB , AT1

90
Q

Prescribe a calcium antagonist in 30 mg tablets, which increases brain blood circulation (naftidrofuryl, piracetam, nimodipine).

A

Rp./ Nimodipine 30 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet 3 times a day

1.	Naftidrofuryl:
•	Type: Peripheral vasodilator.
•	Function: Enhances blood flow to peripheral tissues, particularly in patients with peripheral vascular diseases.
•	Use: Often used to improve symptoms associated with peripheral arterial diseases.


2.	Piracetam:
•	Type: Nootropic agent.
•	Function: Belongs to the racetam class and is thought to enhance cognitive function, particularly in conditions involving cognitive impairment.
•	Use: Sometimes used in the management of cognitive disorders and to improve memory and learning.
3.	Nimodipine:
•	Type: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Blocks calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation. It has specific effects on cerebral blood vessels.
•	Use: Often prescribed for subarachnoid hemorrhage and certain neurological conditions.
91
Q

Prescribe a selective antagonist of 5-HT1D-receptors in 50mg film-coated tablets used for the treatment of migraine (ergotamine, flunarizine, sumatriptan).

A

Rp./ Sumatriptan 50 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet per day

1.	Ergotamine:
•	Type: Ergot alkaloid.
•	Function: Constricts blood vessels and affects serotonin receptors, used for the treatment of migraines.
•	Use: Often prescribed for the acute treatment of migraine attacks.

2.	Flunarizine:
•	Type: Calcium channel blocker.
•	Function: Blocks calcium channels, preventing constriction of blood vessels, used for migraine prophylaxis.
•	Use: Primarily used to prevent migraine attacks.

3.	Sumatriptan:
•	Type: Serotonin receptor agonist (specifically 5-HT1B/1D).
•	Function: Constricts blood vessels and reduces inflammation in the trigeminal nerve, used for the acute treatment of migraines.
•	Use: Often prescribed for the relief of migraine attacks.
92
Q

Prescribe a preparation in 500mg film-coated tablets containing flavonoids which is used in chronic venous insufficiency (diosmine, silymarin, papaverine).

A

Rp./ Diosmine 500 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet per day

1.	Diosmine:
•	Type: Flavonoid.
•	Function: Often used in combination with hesperidin to improve venous tone and reduce symptoms associated with chronic venous insufficiency.
•	Use: Commonly used to alleviate symptoms like leg swelling and pain associated with venous disorders.

2.	Silymarin:
•	Type: Herbal remedy from milk thistle.
•	Function: Known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, used for liver health.
•	Use: Often used as a supplement to support liver function and in the management of liver conditions.

3.	Papaverine:
•	Type: Smooth muscle relaxant.
•	Function: Dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow, used for conditions like vasospasm.
•	Use: Sometimes used in the treatment of vasospastic disorders and erectile dysfunction.
93
Q

Prescribe an antihyperlipidemic drug belonging to the statins (ezetimibe, atorvastatin, fenofibrate).

A

Rp./ Atorvastatin 20 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet per day

1.	Ezetimibe:
•	Type: Cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
•	Function: Reduces the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine.
•	Use: Often prescribed to lower cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

2.	Atorvastatin:
•	Type: Statin.
•	Function: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, leading to decreased cholesterol production.
•	Use: Commonly prescribed to lower LDL-C and triglyceride levels, and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).
3.	Fenofibrate:
•	Type: Fibric acid derivative.
•	Function: Reduces triglyceride levels and increases HDL-C levels.
•	Use: Typically prescribed to address high triglyceride levels and low HDL-C levels.
94
Q

Prescribe a thiazide diuretic with long lasting effect in 100mg tablets (hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, chlorthalidone),

A

Rp./ Chlorthalidone 100 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet in the morning

1.	Hydrochlorothiazide:
•	Type: Thiazide diuretic.
•	Function: Increases urine production by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to reduced fluid volume.
•	Use: Commonly prescribed for hypertension and edema.

2.	Furosemide:
•	Type: Loop diuretic.
•	Function: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, promoting diuresis.
•	Use: Often used for conditions like heart failure, edema, and hypertension.

3.	Chlorthalidone: longer lasting than hydrochlorothiazide
•	Type: Thiazide-like diuretic.
•	Function: Similar to hydrochlorothiazide, it increases urine production by inhibiting sodium reabsorption.
•	Use: Typically prescribed for hypertension and edema.
95
Q

Prescribe a loop diuretic in ampoules of 20 mg/2 ml (mannitol, spironolactone, furosemide).

A

Rp./ Furosemide 20mg/2ml
Da tales doses No. 1 20 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampoule daily given as i.v

Certainly:

  1. Mannitol:
    • Type: Osmotic diuretic.
    • Function: Promotes diuresis by increasing osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, drawing water into the urine.
    • Use: Often used to reduce intracranial pressure, manage certain types of edema, and as a renal protective agent in certain situations.
  2. Spironolactone:
    • Type: Potassium-sparing diuretic.
    • Function: Blocks aldosterone receptors, leading to sodium excretion and potassium retention.
    • Use: Prescribed for conditions like heart failure, hypertension, and edema.
  3. Furosemide:
    • Type: Loop diuretic.
    • Function: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, promoting diuresis.
    • Use: Often used for conditions like heart failure, edema, and hypertension.
96
Q

Prescribe an osmotic diuretic in vials of 10% 500 ml (furosemide, magnesium sulfate, mannitol).

A

Rp./ Mannitol 10% 500 ml
Da tales doses No. 1 in flacons
Signa 1 flacon given i.v

1.	Furosemide:
•	Type: Loop diuretic.
•	Function: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, promoting diuresis.
•	Use: Often used to manage fluid overload, hypertension, and conditions involving edema.

2.	Magnesium Sulfate:
•	Type: Mineral supplement, also used as a medication.
•	Function: Provides magnesium, and in medical settings, it can be used for conditions like eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, and magnesium deficiency.
•	Use: Commonly used to prevent seizures in eclampsia, to treat certain arrhythmias, and as a magnesium supplement.

3.	Mannitol:
•	Type: Osmotic diuretic.
•	Function: Increases osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, promoting diuresis.
•	Use: Often used to reduce intracranial pressure, manage certain types of edema, and as a renal protective agent in certain situations.
97
Q

Prescribe an iron-containing preparation for oral administration in film-coated tablets of 325 mg.

A

Rp/ Ferrosanol 325mg
Da scatulum: N1 in film tabulettis
Signa : Take 1 tablet daily in the morning

98
Q

Prescribe a vitamin preparation for the treatment of hyperchromic anaemia in ampoules of 250 meg (acidum folicum, cyanocobalamin, phytomenadion).

A

Rp./ Cyanocobalamin 250 mikro-grams
Da tales dose No. 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampoule daily given as i.v

1.	Acidum Folicum:
•	Type: Folic acid (Vitamin B9).
•	Function: Essential for DNA synthesis and cell division; commonly used in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
•	Use: Prescribed for folate deficiency, during pregnancy, and in certain medical conditions affecting folate metabolism.

2.	Cyanocobalamin:
•	Type: Vitamin B12.
•	Function: Crucial for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and the formation of red blood cells.
•	Use: Prescribed for B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, and conditions affecting B12 absorption.

3.	Phytomenadion:
•	Type: Vitamin K1.
•	Function: Essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.
•	Use: Prescribed for vitamin K deficiency, certain bleeding disorders, and to counteract anticoagulant effects.
99
Q

Prescribe an inhibitor of fibrinolysis - aminomethylbenzoic acid in ampoules of 1% 5ml (pambenzacid, alteplase, phytomenadion).

A

Rp./ Pambenzacid 1% 5ml
Da tales doses No. 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampoule daily given as i.m

Ateplase = Thrombopytic agent

Phytomenadion = Vitamin K1 important for blood clothing

100
Q

Prescribe a topical haemostatic and antiseptic agent (calcium gluconate, hydrogen peroxyde, nadroparin).

A

Rp./ Solutiois Hydrogenii peroxidi dilute 3% 100 ml
Da signa apply to affected area of skin when needed

1.	Calcium Gluconate:
•	Type: Mineral supplement.
•	Function: Provides calcium, essential for bone health, muscle function, and blood clotting.
•	Use: Prescribed for conditions like hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) and as a supplement in certain situations.

2.	Hydrogen Peroxide:
•	Type: Antiseptic.
•	Function: Antimicrobial agent, often used topically to clean wounds.
•	Use: Applied to wounds for disinfection, but not typically ingested. Medical use is generally topical.

3.	Nadroparin:
•	Type: Low molecular weight heparin.
•	Function: Anticoagulant, prevents blood clot formation.
•	Use: Prescribed for conditions requiring anticoagulation, such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain cardiovascular conditions.
101
Q

Prescribe a coagulant drug in ampoules of 10 mg/Iml (heparin, phythomenadione, ticlopidine).

A

Rp./ Phythomenadione 10mg/ml
Da tales doses No. 5 in ampullis
Signa 1 ampoule daily given as i.m

1.	Heparin:
•	Type: Anticoagulant.
•	Function: Inhibits blood clotting by enhancing the activity of antithrombin, an inhibitor of clotting factors.
•	Use: Prescribed for preventing and treating blood clots in conditions like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and during certain medical procedures.

2.	Phytomenadione:
•	Type: Vitamin K1.
•	Function: Essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.
•	Use: Prescribed for vitamin K deficiency, certain bleeding disorders, and to counteract anticoagulant effects.

3.	Ticlopidine:
•	Type: Antiplatelet agent.
•	Function: Inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clot formation.
•	Use: Historically used to prevent stroke and other cardiovascular events, but its use has decreased due to side effects and the availability of safer alternatives.
102
Q

Prescribe an indirect anticoagulant drug in tablets of 4 mg (heparin, acenocoumarol, phythomenadione),

A

Rp./ Acenocoumarol 4 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet daily

103
Q

Prescribe a low-molecular weight heparin derivative in 0,3ml prefilled syringes for subcutaneous administration used for prevention of phlebothrombosis (warfarin, nadroparin, alteplase).

A

Rp./ Nadroparin 0,3 ml
Da tales doses 5 in flacons
Signa 1 flacon daily given subcutaneously

1.	Warfarin:
•	Type: Vitamin K antagonist (indirect anticoagulant).
•	Function: Inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
•	Use: Long-term anticoagulation for conditions like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation.
2.	Nadroparin:
•	Type: Low molecular weight heparin (direct anticoagulant).
•	Function: Inhibits blood clotting by enhancing the activity of antithrombin, but it has a more specific effect on factor Xa.
•	Use: Often used for the prevention and treatment of blood clots, especially in hospitalized patients.
3.	Alteplase:
•	Type: Thrombolytic agent (direct anticoagulant).
•	Function: Breaks down blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin.
•	Use: Administered in emergencies like acute ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism.
104
Q

Prescribe an antiasthmatic drug which inhibits phosphodiesterase in 2,4% 10 ml ampoules for intravenous administration (salbutamol, ketotifen, aminophylline).

A

Rp./ Aminophylline 2,4% 10 ml
Da tales doses No. 5 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampoules as i.v. When necessary

Aminophylline = Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Salbutomal = Beta 2 agonist

Ketotifen = antihistamine and mast cell stabiliser

105
Q

Prescribe a glucocorticosteroid, an aerosol for inhalation in bronchial asthma (formoterol, budesonide, montelukast),

A

Rp./ Aerosoli Budesonidi 0,4% 5ml
Da signa. Inhalated when necessary

1.	Formoterol:
•	Type: Long-acting beta2-agonist.
•	Function: Bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscles in the airways.
•	Use: Often prescribed for long-term control of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
2.	Budesonide:
•	Type: Inhaled corticosteroid.
•	Function: Anti-inflammatory agent that reduces inflammation in the airways.
•	Use: Commonly used as a maintenance treatment for asthma and as an anti-inflammatory component in the management of other respiratory conditions.
3.	Montelukast:
•	Type: Leukotriene receptor antagonist.
•	Function: Blocks the action of leukotrienes, which contribute to inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
•	Use: Often prescribed for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
106
Q

Prescribe a mucolytic drug in 8 mg tablets (bromhexine, prenoxidiazine, glaucine)

A

Rp./ Bromhexine 8 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 8 hours

1.	Bromhexine:
•	Type: Mucolytic.
•	Function: Helps thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to clear.
•	Use: Commonly used in respiratory conditions associated with excessive and thick mucus, such as bronchitis.

3.	Glaucine:
•	Type: Alkaloid.
•	Function: May have bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects.
•	Use: Investigated for potential use in respiratory conditions, but research is ongoing, and it’s not widely used in clinical practice.
107
Q

Prescribe an antitussive drug in 100mg tablets which reduces receptor stimulation in respiratory tract mucosa (butamirate, codeine, prenoxidiazine).

A

Rp./ Prenoxidiazine 100 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa 1 tablet every 8 hours

1.	Butamirate:
•	Type: Antitussive (Cough suppressant).
•	Function: Suppresses cough reflex by acting on the cough center in the brain.
•	Use: Used to relieve non-productive cough.

2.	Codeine:
•	Type: Opioid analgesic and antitussive.
•	Function: Suppresses cough reflex and can act as a pain reliever.
•	Use: Used for cough suppression, typically when other treatments are ineffective, and for pain relief.
108
Q

Prescribe an antiulcer drug in 20 mg film-coated tablets with powerful H2-blocking effect, (pantoprazole, famotidine, ranitidine).

A

Rp./ Famotidine 20 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet in the morning and 1 in the evening

  1. Pantoprazole:
    • Type: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI).
    • Function: Reduces gastric acid production by inhibiting the proton pump in the stomach lining.
    • Use: Prescribed for conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
    1. Famotidine:
      • Type: Histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
      • Function: Blocks histamine receptors, reducing gastric acid secretion.
      • Use: Commonly used for treating conditions such as heartburn, acid indigestion, and ulcers.
    2. Ranitidine:
      • Type: Histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
      • Function: Similar to famotidine, it blocks histamine receptors to decrease stomach acid production.
      • Use: Historically used for conditions like peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Note that ranitidine has been largely withdrawn due to concerns about potential impurities.
109
Q

Prescribe an antiulcer drug preparation, 125 ml suspension containing balanced gel of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide.

A

Rp./ Suspensionis Almageli 125 ml
Da signa 1 tablespoon before food

110
Q

Prescribe an antiulcer drug preparation which is a proton pump inhibitor in the parietal cells of the stomach in 20 mg capsules (pirenzepine, famotidine, omeprazole).

A

Rp./ Omeprazole 20mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in capsullis
Signa. 1 capsule per day

1.	Pirenzepine:
•	Type: Muscarinic receptor antagonist.
•	Function: Reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking muscarinic receptors in the stomach lining.
•	Use: Historically used for peptic ulcer disease but not as commonly prescribed as other options.

2.	Famotidine:
•	Type: Histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
•	Function: Blocks histamine receptors, leading to reduced gastric acid secretion.
•	Use: Effective in managing conditions associated with excessive stomach acid, including ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
3.	Omeprazole:
•	Type: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI).
•	Function: Reduces gastric acid production by inhibiting the proton pump in the stomach lining.
•	Use: Prescribed for conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
111
Q

Prescribe an antiemetic drug which is a blocker of D2-receptors in the trigger zone in 10mg tablets (dimenhydrinate, metoclopramide, ondansetron).

A

Rp./ Metoclopramide 10mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet 3 times a day

1.	Dimenhydrinate:
•	Function: Antiemetic (reduces nausea and vomiting).
•	Type: Antihistamine with antiemetic properties.

2.	Metoclopramide:
•	Function: Antiemetic with prokinetic effects.
•	Type: Dopamine receptor antagonist.

3.	Ondansetron:
•	Function: Antiemetic.
•	Type: Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
112
Q

Prescribe a synthetic contact laxative, acting mainly on the colon with slow effect in 5mg film-coated tablets (oleum Ricini, magnesium sulfate, bisacodyl).

A

Rp./ Bisacodyl 5 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet in the evening when necessary

1.	Oleum Ricini (Castor Oil):
•	Type: Stimulant laxative.
•	Function: Stimulates bowel movements by irritating the intestines.
•	Use: Used for short-term relief of constipation.
2.	Magnesium Sulfate:
•	Type: Osmotic laxative.
•	Function: Draws water into the intestines, softening the stool and promoting bowel movements.
•	Use: Used for bowel preparation before certain medical procedures and, in some cases, for constipation.
3.	Bisacodyl:
•	Type: Stimulant laxative.
•	Function: Stimulates the intestines to increase bowel movements.
•	Use: Used for short-term relief of constipation and bowel preparation for medical procedures.
113
Q

Prescribe an osmotic laxative preparation in the form of syrup 100 ml for a pregnant woman (oleum Ricini, lactulose, loperamide).

A

Rp./ Sirupi Lactulosi 100 ml
Da signa. 20 ml daily when needed, max. for 4 days

1.	Oleum Ricini (Castor Oil):
•	Type: Stimulant laxative.
•	Function: Stimulates bowel movements by irritating the intestines.
•	Use: Used for short-term relief of constipation.
2.	Lactulose:
•	Type: Osmotic laxative.
•	Function: Draws water into the colon, softening the stool and promoting bowel movements.
•	Use: Used for chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.

3.	Loperamide:
•	Type: Antidiarrheal.
•	Function: Slows down bowel movements and reduces diarrhea.
•	Use: Used to treat acute and chronic diarrhea.
114
Q

Prescribe a hepatoprotective preparation, containing bioflavonoids in 100mg capsules (isoniazid, silymarin, ademetionine).

A

Rp./ Sylimarin 100 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in capsulis
Signa. 1 tablet 1-2 times daily

1.	Isoniazid:
•	Type: Antitubercular agent.
•	Function: Used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) by inhibiting the growth of mycobacteria.
•	Use: Part of the standard treatment regimen for TB.
2.	Silymarin:
•	Type: Herbal supplement derived from milk thistle.
•	Function: Often used as a hepatoprotective agent, believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
•	Use: Commonly used to support liver health and potentially manage certain liver conditions.
3.	Ademetionine (S-Adenosylmethionine):
•	Type: Endogenous substance and nutritional supplement.
•	Function: Involved in various biochemical processes, including the production of neurotransmitters and the protection of liver cells.
•	Use: Sometimes used as a supplement for conditions associated with low levels of ademetionine.
115
Q

Prescribe a drug with selective spasmolytic activity on extrahepatic biliary ducts in 400mg tablets (drotaverine, hymecromone, papaverine).

A

Rp./ Hymecromone 400 mg
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 atblet 3 times daily

1.	Drotaverine:
•	Type: Smooth muscle relaxant.
•	Function: Relaxes smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels.
•	Use: Used to relieve symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other conditions involving smooth muscle spasm.
2.	Hymecromone:
•	Type: Choleretic and spasmolytic agent.
•	Function: Acts as a choleretic (increases bile production) and has spasmolytic effects on the biliary tract.
•	Use: Used in the management of gallstones and biliary spasm.
3.	Papaverine:
•	Type: Vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant.
•	Function: Dilates blood vessels and relaxes smooth muscles.
•	Use: Used in the treatment of vasospasm, erectile dysfunction, and occasionally for certain gastrointestinal conditions.
116
Q

Prescribe a pancreatic enzyme containing preparation with moderate lipolytic activity in gastro resistant tablets.

A

Rp./ Mezym forte 10.000 UI
Da scatulam No. 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet 3 times daily

117
Q

Prescribe a vitamin preparation used for prophylaxis of rickets in a 10 ml bottle containing 20.000 UI/ml. The preparation is administered in a single daily dose of 500UI per drop (calcitriol, cholecalciferol, tocopherol)

A

Rp./ Solutionis Cholecalciferoli 10 ml
Da signa. 1 drop in the mouth daily

  1. Calcitriol (Vitamin D₃):
    • Type: Active form of vitamin D.
    • Function: Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestines and promotes bone health.
    • Use: Often used in the treatment of vitamin D deficiency.
    1. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃):
      • Type: A form of vitamin D.
      • Function: Precursor to calcitriol; converted to its active form in the body.
      • Use: Commonly used as a dietary supplement to address vitamin D deficiencies.
    2. Tocopherol (Vitamin E):
      • Type: Vitamin E.
      • Function: Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
      • Use: Used as a dietary supplement and for various health benefits related to antioxidant properties.
118
Q

Prescribe a drug that inhibits xanthine oxidase in tablets of 100 mg (allopurinol, colchicine, hydrochlorothiazide).

A

Rp./ Allopurinol 100mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet daily

1.	Allopurinol:
•	Type: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
•	Function: Reduces uric acid production, used to prevent gout attacks and manage conditions associated with high uric acid levels.
•	Use: Gout treatment and prevention, and sometimes used in certain kidney conditions.

2.	Colchicine:
•	Type: Anti-gout agent.
•	Function: Reduces inflammation and pain caused by uric acid crystals.
•	Use: Treatment of acute gout attacks and prevention of recurrent attacks.

3.	Hydrochlorothiazide:
•	Type: Thiazide diuretic.
•	Function: Increases urine production, leading to decreased fluid volume and lowered blood pressure.
•	Use: Hypertension treatment and management of fluid retention associated with various conditions.
119
Q

Prescribe a drug for the treatment of myxoedema (hypothyroidism) in tablets of 25 meg (propylthiouracil, levothyroxine, thiamazole).

A

Rp./ Levothyroxine 25µg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every morning, same time, before breakfast

1.	Propylthiouracil (PTU):
•	Type: Antithyroid agent.
•	Function: Inhibits the production of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine).
•	Use: Treatment of hyperthyroidism, especially in certain cases like during pregnancy.

2.	Levothyroxine:
•	Type: Thyroid hormone replacement.
•	Function: Provides synthetic thyroxine (T4), used to supplement low thyroid hormone levels.
•	Use: Hypothyroidism treatment, replacement therapy after thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment.
3.	Thiamazole (Methimazole):
•	Type: Antithyroid agent.
•	Function: Inhibits the production of thyroid hormones.
•	Use: Treatment of hyperthyroidism, especially in cases of Graves’ disease.
120
Q

Prescribe a synthetic antithyroid preparation in tablets of 5 mg (betamethasone, propylthiouracil, thiamazole).

A

Rp./ Thiamazole 5mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet 3 times daily

1.	Betamethasone:
•	Type: Corticosteroid.
•	Function: Has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties.
•	Use: Used for various inflammatory conditions and allergic reactions.

2.	Propylthiouracil (PTU):
•	Type: Antithyroid agent.
•	Function: Inhibits the production of thyroid hormones.
•	Use: Treatment of hyperthyroidism, particularly during pregnancy.

3.	Thiamazole (Methimazole):
•	Type: Antithyroid agent.
•	Function: Inhibits the production of thyroid hormones.
•	Use: Treatment of hyperthyroidism, such as in Graves’ disease.
121
Q
  1. Prescribe a rapid acting insulin preparation for the treatment of diabetic coma.
A

Rp./ Insulin Actrapid 40UI/ml
Da tales doses Nº 5 in flacons
Signa. 1 flacon I.V. daily

122
Q

Prescribe a biguanide antidiabetic drug in 850mg film-coated tablets (acarbose, glimepiride, metformin).

A

Rp./ Metformin 850mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in film tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Acarbose:
•	Type: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
•	Function: Slows down the digestion of carbohydrates, reducing post-meal spikes in blood sugar.
•	Use: Used to treat type 2 diabetes.

2.	Glimepiride:
•	Type: Sulfonylurea.
•	Function: Stimulates the pancreas to release insulin, helping lower blood sugar levels.
•	Use: Used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

3.	Metformin:
•	Type: Biguanide.
•	Function: Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces glucose production in the liver, and enhances glucose uptake in tissues.
•	Use: Commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
123
Q

Prescribe a long-acting oral antidiabetic sulphonylurea preparation in 1 mg tablets (sitagliptin, glimepiride, glucagon).

A

Rp./ Glimepiride 1mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet in the morning, 1 in the evening

1.	Sitagliptin:
•	Type: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor.
•	Function: Increases insulin release and reduces glucagon levels after meals, helping control blood sugar.
•	Use: Typically prescribed for type 2 diabetes.

2.	Glimepiride:
•	Type: Sulfonylurea.
•	Function: Stimulates the pancreas to release insulin, helping lower blood sugar levels.
•	Use: Used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

3.	Glucagon:
•	Type: Hormone.
•	Function: Raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver.
•	Use: Administered in emergency situations (e.g., severe hypoglycemia) to increase blood sugar.
124
Q

Prescribe a depot glucocorticoid drug containing betamethasone salts.

A

Rp./ Benthamethasone 0.5mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in depot-tabulettis (or Retard-tabulettis)
Signa. 1 tablet in the morning per day

125
Q

Prescribe a glucocorticoid preparation for the treatment of anaphylactic shock in powder containing ampoules (adrenaline, prednisolone, methylprednisolone).

A

Rp./ Methylprednisolone 40mg
Da tales doses Nº 5 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampoule daily given as I.V

Methylprednisolon has gretaer potency than normal prednisolon also greater bioavailability and rapid onset of action

126
Q

Prescribe a dermal ointment containing betamethasone and gentamicin.

A

Rp./ Ungventi Flucinor N 15mg
Da signa. Apply topically to affected area

127
Q

Prescribe a combined monophasic hormonal contraceptive preparation for oral administration (estracomb, yasmin, sildenafil).

A

Rp./ Yasmin –
Da scatluam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every day from first day of cycle, 21 tablets in total

1.	Estracomb:
•	Type: Hormonal medication.
•	Function: Typically used as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for women experiencing symptoms of menopause.

2.	Yasmin:
•	Type: Oral contraceptive.
•	Function: A combination birth control pill containing estrogen and progestin, used to prevent pregnancy.

3.	Sildenafil:
•	Type: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor.
•	Function: Used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) in men by enhancing blood flow to the penis.
128
Q

Prescribe a selective alpha;,-receptor antagonist to improve micturition in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in 0,4mg capsules (tamsulosin, prazosin, sildenafil).

A

Rp./ Tamsulosin 0.4mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in capsulis
Signa. 1 capsule per day

1.	Tamsulosin:
•	Type: Alpha-1 blocker.
•	Function: Used to relax muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow. Commonly prescribed for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

2.	Prazosin: usualy used to treat high bp caused by BPH
•	Type: Alpha-1 blocker.
•	Function: Dilates blood vessels, primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

3.	Sildenafil:
•	Type: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor.
•	Function: Used to treat erectile dysfunction by enhancing blood flow to the penis.
129
Q

Prescribe a hormonal uterokinetic preparation in ampoules of 5 UI/1 ml (oxytocin, salbutamol, methylergometrine).

A

Rp./ Oxytocin 5UI/ml
Da tales doses Nº 1 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampoule daily given as IV, when needed

1.	Oxytocin:
•	Type: Hormone.
•	Function: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and helps with milk ejection during breastfeeding.

2.	Salbutamol:
•	Type: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist.
•	Function: Dilates bronchial airways, commonly used for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.

3.	Methylergometrine:
•	Type: Ergot alkaloid.
•	Function: Used to prevent or control excessive bleeding following childbirth by promoting uterine contractions.
130
Q

Prescribe an uterotonic (contraction ls of uterus ) preparation in tablets of 0,125mg. (estradiol, methylergometrine, hexoprenaline).

A

Rp./ Methylergometrine 0.125mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 2 tablets per day

1.	Estradiol:
•	Type: Estrogen hormone.
•	Function: Used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to address estrogen deficiency and manage menopausal symptoms.

2.	Methylergometrine:
•	Type: Ergot alkaloid.
•	Function: Used to prevent or control excessive bleeding following childbirth by promoting uterine contractions.

3.	Hexoprenaline:
•	Type: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist.
•	Function: Used as a tocolytic agent to inhibit uterine contractions, particularly in preterm labor.
131
Q

Prescribe an acid stable penicillin for a patient with tonsillitis in 1 000 OOOUI film-coated tablets (benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicilin, azlocillin).

A

Rp./ Phenoxymethylpenicilin 1.000.000 UI
Da scatulam Nº 1 in film tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 6-8 hours

Phenoxymethylpenicillin is acid stable

1.	Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G):
•	Type: Antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those causing infections like strep throat and syphilis.

2.	Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V):
•	Type: Antibiotic.
•	Function: Used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly those involving the respiratory tract.

3.	Azlocillin:
•	Type: Antibiotic (semisynthetic penicillin derivative).
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against various bacterial infections, including some resistant strains.
132
Q

Prescribe an antibiotic for parenteral administration in 1 000 000 vials to a patient with acute rheumatic attack. To be administered i.v. 2 000 OOOUI every 6 hours, (aciclovir, benzylpenicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin).

A

Rp./ Benzylpenicilin 1.000.000 UI
Da tales doses Nº 10 in flacons
Signa. 2 flacons every 6 hours given as I.V

1.	Aciclovir:
•	Type: Antiviral.
•	Function: Used to treat viral infections, especially herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses.

2.	Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G):
•	Type: Antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those causing infections like strep throat and syphilis.

3.	Benzathine Benzylpenicillin (Bicillin L-A):
•	Type: Long-acting penicillin.
•	Function: Used for the treatment of certain bacterial infections, particularly in a long-acting form.
133
Q

Prescribe a broad-spectrum penicillin preparation for the treatment of Pseudomonas urinary tract infection in 2 g vials (gentamicin, azlocillin, ampicillin).

A

Rp./ Azlocillin 2g
Da tales doses Nº 5 in flacons
Signa. 1 flacon every 12 hours given as I.V

1.	Azlocillin:
•	Type: Antibiotic (semisynthetic penicillin derivative).
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against various bacterial infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
•	Dosage Form: Available in vials for intravenous administration.

2.	Gentamicin:
•	Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a wide range of bacteria, often used in the treatment of serious infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in vials for intravenous or intramuscular administration.

3.	Ampicillin:
•	Type: Antibiotic (penicillin derivative).
•	Function: Used to treat bacterial infections, particularly those involving the respiratory and urinary tracts.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including vials for intravenous administration.
134
Q

Prescribe a bacteriostatic antibiotic used for the treatment of dental infections (clindamycin, amikacin, metronidazole).

A

Rp./ Clindamycin 600mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 8 hours

1.	Clindamycin:
•	Type: Lincosamide antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against anaerobic bacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including capsules and intravenous formulations.
2.	Amikacin:
•	Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a wide range of bacteria, often used in severe bacterial infections.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
3.	Metronidazole:
•	Type: Nitroimidazole antibiotic.
•	Function: Active against anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including oral and intravenous formulations.
135
Q

Prescribe clavulanic acid potentiated amoxicillin in 1000mg tablets for a patient with mixed urinary tract infection,

A

Rp./ Augumentin 1000mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 12 hours

136
Q

Prescribe a first generation cephalosporin for oral administration (cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefoperazone).

A

Rp./ Cephalexin 1000mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in capsulis
Signa. 1 capsule every 12 hours

1.	Cephalexin:
•	Type: First-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Effective against a range of bacteria, often used for skin and soft tissue infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in capsules and oral suspension.

2.	Cefuroxime:
•	Type: Second-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Broader spectrum than first-generation cephalosporins, used for respiratory and urinary tract infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including tablets and intravenous formulations.

3.	Cefoperazone:
•	Type: Third-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Extended spectrum, effective against a wider range of bacteria, used for serious infections.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously.
137
Q

Prescribe a second generation cephalosporin in 500mg capsules for a patient with urinary tract infection (ceftroxime,cefoperazone,cefepime)

A

Rp./ Ceftroxime 500mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in capsulis
Signa. 1 capsule every 8 hours

1.	Ceftroxime:
•	Type: Second-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Broader spectrum than first-generation cephalosporins, used for respiratory and urinary tract infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including tablets and intravenous formulations.

2.	Cefoperazone:
•	Type: Third-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Extended spectrum, effective against a wider range of bacteria, used for serious infections.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously.

3.	Cefepime:
•	Type: Fourth-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic with enhanced activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
•	Dosage Form: Often administered intravenously.
138
Q

Prescribe long a third generation cephalosporin with significant urine and biliary excretion and plasma half-life in Ig vials (cefepime, imipenem, ceftriaxone).

A

Rp./ Ceftriaxone 1g
Da tales doses Nº 5 in flacons
Signa. 1 flacon every 12 hours given as I.V

1.	Cefepime:
•	Type: Fourth-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic with enhanced activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
•	Dosage Form: Often administered intravenously.

2.	Imipenem:
•	Type: Carbapenem antibiotic.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against a wide range of bacteria, including some resistant strains.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously.

3.	Ceftriaxone:
•	Type: Third-generation cephalosporin.
•	Function: Extended spectrum, used for various bacterial infections, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including intramuscular and intravenous formulations.
139
Q

Prescribe Gram-negative an aminoglycoside antibiotic in ampoules of 80 mg/2 ml for the treatment of urinary tract infection (spiramycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin),

A

Rp./ Gentamycin 80mg/2ml
Da tales doses Nº 5 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampoule given every 12 hours as I.M

1.	Spiramycin:
•	Type: Macrolide antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria, often used in respiratory and soft tissue infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including tablets.
2.	Gentamicin:
•	Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, often used in severe bacterial infections.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
3.	Ciprofloxacin:
•	Type: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, commonly used for urinary tract and respiratory infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including tablets and intravenous formulations.
140
Q

Prescribe a safe antibiotic for a pregnant woman with upper respiratory tract infection (doxycycline, amikacin, amoxicillin),

A

Rp./ Amoxicillin 500mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 6 hours

1.	Amoxicillin:
•	Type: Penicillin-type antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a variety of bacteria, commonly used for respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and more.
•	Safety in Pregnancy: Generally considered safe during pregnancy; it is a preferred choice for many infections in pregnant women.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including capsules and oral suspension.

2.	Doxycycline:
•	Type: Tetracycline antibiotic.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections.
•	Safety in Pregnancy: Generally not recommended during pregnancy due to potential effects on fetal bone development.
•	Dosage Form: Typically available in capsule and tablet forms.

3.	Amikacin:
•	Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic.
•	Function: Reserved for serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
•	Safety in Pregnancy: May not be the first choice during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus.
•	Dosage Form: Usually administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
141
Q

Prescribe a macrolide antibiotic in 500 mg film-coated tablets used in the combined therapy of peptic ulcer disease (phenoxymethylpenicillin, cephalexin, clarithromycine).

A

Rp./ Clarithromycine 500mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 12 hours

1.	Phenoxymethylpenicillin:
•	Type: Penicillin antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a variety of bacteria, often used for mild to moderate respiratory tract infections.
•	Dosage Form: Usually available in oral forms such as tablets or oral suspension.

2.	Cephalexin:
•	Type: First-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a range of bacteria, commonly used for skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory tract infections.
•	Dosage Form: Typically available in capsule or tablet forms.

3.	Clarithromycin:
•	Type: Macrolide antibiotic.
•	Function: Effective against a variety of bacteria, including those causing respiratory tract infections.
•	Dosage Form: Available in various forms, including tablets and oral suspension.
142
Q

Prescribe a macrolide antibiotic in 500mg film-coated tablets with long plasma half-life and high tissue concentration for the treatment of respiratory infection (midecamycine, azithromycin, azlocillin).

A

Rp./ Azithromycin 500mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet daily

1.	Midecamycine:
•	Type: Macrolide antibiotic.
•	Half-life: Approximately 2-3 hours (shorter half-life).
2.	Azithromycin:
•	Type: Macrolide antibiotic.
•	Half-life: Approximately 68 hours (longer half-life).
•	Features:
•	Long plasma half-life allows for once-daily dosing.
•	High tissue concentration contributes to effective treatment.
3.	Azlocillin:
•	Type: Penicillin-type antibiotic.
•	Half-life: Varies based on administration and patient factors but generally shorter than Azithromycin.
143
Q

Prescribe an antifungal antibiotic for intestinal candidiasis caused by broad spectrum antibiotics (nystatin, griseofulvin, clotrimazole).

A

Rp./ Nystatin 500.000 UI
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet 3-4 times a day

1.	Nystatin:
•	Type: Polyene antifungal.
•	Function: Treats fungal infections, especially Candida.
2.	Griseofulvin:
•	Type: Antifungal.
•	Function: Treats fungal infections of skin, hair, and nails.
3.	Clotrimazole:
•	Type: Azole antifungal.
•	Function: Treats fungal skin infections like athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
144
Q

Prescribe a combination preparation containing sulphamethoxazole plus trimethoprime (co amoxiklav, co-trimoxazole, imipenem).

A

Rp./ Co-trimoxazole 480mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 12 hours

1.	Co-amoxiclav:
•	Type: Antibiotic combination (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid).
•	Function: Treats bacterial infections.
2.	Co-trimoxazole:
•	Type: Antibiotic combination (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim).
•	Function: Treats various bacterial infections, including respiratory and urinary tract infections.
3.	Imipenem:
•	Type: Carbapenem antibiotic.
•	Function: Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for severe bacterial infections.
145
Q

Prescribe tract infection a fluoroquinolone in 500mg film-coated tablets to an adult patient with urinary (doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin),

A

Rp./ Ciprofloxacin 500mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in film-tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 12 hours

146
Q

Prescribe a drug which is a hydrazide of isonicotinic acid in 100mg tablets (isoniazid,ethambutol, rifampicin).

A

Rp./ Isoniazid 100mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 3 tablets at once in the morning

Rifampicin= Rifamycin group

147
Q

Prescribe an antimycobacterial antibiotic superior to streptomycin (amikacin, rifampicin, ethambutol).

A

Rp./ Rifampicin 300mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in capsulis
Signa. 2 capsules at once in the morning

1.	Amikacin:
•	While effective against mycobacteria, amikacin is typically considered a second-line drug due to potential side effects, and it is often reserved for cases where other first-line drugs are not effective.
2.	Ethambutol:
•	Ethambutol is part of the first-line drugs for tuberculosis but may not be considered superior to streptomycin in all cases. Its primary role is to prevent the development of resistance when used in combination with other drugs.

Rifampicin, on the other hand, is often considered superior to streptomycin due to its broad-spectrum activity against mycobacteria and its role as a cornerstone in tuberculosis treatment regimens.

148
Q

Prescribe (tinidazole, a drug in 500mg tablets for trichomonal infection, administered once daily

A

Rp./ Tinidazole 500mg
Da tales doses Nº 4 in tabulettis
Signa. Take 4 tablets at once

  1. Fluconazole:
    • Type: Antifungal (azole).
    • Function: Treats fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida.
    1. Clotrimazole:
      • Type: Antifungal (azole).
      • Function: Topical or oral antifungal used to treat various fungal infections, including skin and vaginal infections.
    2. Tinidazole:
      • Type: Antibiotic/antiprotozoal.
      • Function: Treats certain bacterial and protozoal infections, often used for conditions like trichomoniasis or certain gastrointestinal infections.
149
Q

Prescribe the treatment an antimicrobial of agent in 0,5% 100 ml vials administered as an i.v. infusion for anaerobic infection (metronidazole.

A

Rp./ Metronidazole 0.5% 100ml
Da tales doses Nº 5 in flacons
Signa. 1 flacon daily given as I.V

Metronidazole:

•	Type: Antibiotic/antiprotozoal.
•	Function: Treats various bacterial and protozoal infections, commonly used for conditions like bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain gastrointestinal infections.
•	Note: Avoid alcohol consumption while taking metronidazole, as it may cause a severe reaction. Always use as prescribed by a healthcare professional.
150
Q

Prescribe a drug in 250mg tablets with erythrocyte schizontocidal and immunosupressive

Chloroquine , zidovudine , quinine

A

Rp./ Chloroquine 250mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 2 tablets at once per week, including 2 weeks before travel, during, and 4 weeks after

1.	Chloroquine:
•	Type: Antimalarial.
•	Function: Used to prevent and treat malaria. It works by interfering with the growth of parasites in red blood cells.

2.	Zidovudine (AZT):
•	Type: Antiretroviral (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor - NRTI).
•	Function: Used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme, crucial for the replication of the virus.

3.	Quinine:
•	Type: Antimalarial.
•	Function: Historically used to treat malaria. It’s derived from the bark of the cinchona tree and acts against the malaria parasite.
151
Q

Prescribe a chemotherapeutic agent in 200mg tablets used for oral treatment of herpetic infections of the skin (aciclovir, indinavir, rimantadine).

A

Rp./ Aciclovir 200mg
Da scatulam Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet every 4-6 weeks

  1. Aciclovir (Acyclovir):
    • Type: Antiviral.
    • Function: Used to treat infections caused by certain types of viruses, including herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses.
    1. Indinavir:
      • Type: Antiretroviral (Protease Inhibitor).
      • Function: Used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It inhibits the protease enzyme, crucial for the replication of the virus.
    2. Rimantadine:
      • Type: Antiviral.
      • Function: Primarily used to prevent or treat influenza A virus infections.
152
Q

Prescribe , a neuraminidase inhibitor in 75 mg capsules for the treatment of influenza zidovudine, rimanthadine).

oseltamivir

A

Rp./ Zodivudine 100mg Rp./ Oseltamivir 75mg Da scatulam Nº 1 in capsulis Da scatulam Nº in capsulis Signa. 1 capsule daily Signa. 1 capsule daily

  1. Zidovudine (AZT):
    • Type: Antiretroviral (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor - NRTI).
    • Function: Used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme, crucial for the replication of the virus.
    1. Rimantadine:
      • Type: Antiviral.
      • Function: Primarily used to prevent or treat influenza A virus infections.
    2. Oseltamivir:
      • Type: Antiviral (Neuraminidase Inhibitor).
      • Function: Used to treat and prevent influenza A and B viruses. It works by inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, crucial for the release of new viral particles.
153
Q

Prescribe silver sulfadiazine, an antiseptic cream used for the treatment of infected wounds (silver nitrate, ethacridine).

A

Rp./ Crème Argenti sulfadiazine 50g
Da signa. Apply to infected wound

154
Q

Prescribe spectrum a benzimidazole antinematode drug in 200 mg tablets with broad anthelmintic for the treatment of teniosis (albendazole, praziquantel, piperazine),

A

Rp./ Albendazole 200mg
Da scatulam Nº in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet daily

Albendazole = Benzimidazole

Praziquantel = Isoquinoline

Piperazine = Round organic compound

155
Q

Prescribe a drug in tablets of 250 mg for a single administration in a child with enterobiosis and body weight 25 kg (mebendazole, praziquantel, piperazine ).

A

Rp./ Mebendazole 250mg
Da tales doses Nº 1 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet at once

156
Q
  1. Prescribe a drug which inactivates heparin in ampoules 1% 5 ml for intravenous (penicillamine. deferoxamine, protamine),
A

Rp./ Protamine 1% 5ml
Da tales doses Nº 5 in ampullis
Signa. 1 ampoule daily given as I.V

Protamine = Reverse heparin effects

Penicillamine = chelation agent when copper is higher , wilson disease and rheumatoid arthritis

Deferoxamine = treats iron overload

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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