Essays

Question 1

82 Antidotes

Answer 1

Step 1 = Assess Airway , Breathing , Circulation if necessary administered oxygen insuring a clear airway and providing iv fluids.

Step 2 = Identification of the poison , time of ingestion , exposure.

Step 3 = Decontamination, induce vomiting (Emesis) ipecac syrup to induce the vomit

administer activated charcoal orally to absorb the poison

or gastric lavage ( stomach pumping) inserting tub from mouth to stomach

Antidotes :

Naloxone Overdoes of Opioid reverse and restore normal breathing

NAC N-acetylcysteine antidote for acetaminophen prevents liver damage most effective if given within 8-10 hours

Flumazenil Antidote for benzodiazepine overdose , it reverses sedative effects

Atropine Antidote for organophosphate insecticide poisoning, counteract effects of excessive acetylcholine in body

Question 2

74 Drugs used in tuberculosis.

Answer 2

RIPE

Rifampicin its bacteriacidal inhibiting RNA synthesis in the bacterial cell. Side effect Hepatotoxicity

Isonazid Inhibits Mycolic acids , Side effect peripheral neuropathy

Pyrazinamide disrupt energy metabolism in the bacterial cell.
Joints pain and hepatotoxicity

Ethambutol Bacteriostatic , side effect optic neuritis

The intensive phase lasts two months and all four drugs are used then its followed by a continuous phase which lasts for 4-6 months and involves taking Rifampicin and Isoniazid

Second line of treatment

Lasts 18-24 months

Fluoroquinolones (e.g., moxifloxacin, levofloxacin)
Injectable agents (e.g., kanamycin, amikacin)
Ethionamide/prothionamide
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS)
Linezolid