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PoO > Practical > Flashcards

Practical Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of studying the effects of body size?

A
  • correct the effect of size on physiological variables
  • clarify fundamental physiological functions
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2
Q

What does isometry mean?

A

Organisms have the same relative dimensions

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3
Q

What does negative allometry mean?

A

The relative size of the trait decreases in larger organisms

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4
Q

How to calculate scaling coefficient for SMR from BMR?

A

BMR-1
(MR proportional to mass, so for SMR divide by mass, meaning power -1)

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5
Q

How to calculate metabolic rate from another example?

A

MR= a x B^(scaling coefficient)
1) Calculate a (constant of proportionality)
2) Calculate MR from B (mass) and scaling coefficient

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6
Q

How to calculate a maximum load that can be carried by an animal, from a given example?

A

Find how many times heavier the animal is
load (L) x times heavier (h)^ (scaling power)
or
Mass carry= a x B^(scaling)
to find a, then calculate

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7
Q

How does removing the Earth electrode effect readings?

A

Increases the amount of background noise

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8
Q

Why does the anode have to be behind the cathode?

A

To avoid anode block
Stops action potential due to hyperpolarisation

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9
Q

What is the stimulus artefact?

A

detection of the actual stimulus

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10
Q

What is the latin name for the earth worm?

A

Lumbricus terrestris

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11
Q

When stimulating ulnar nerve why are there also other sensations?

A
  • stimulation of sensory neurones
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12
Q

Advantages of using a semi log plot

A

creates a linear line
easier to compare theoretical and measured values

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13
Q

Why might recorded values in the membrane physiology practical be lower than the expected?

A
  • temp not exactly 20degrees
  • contamination of solutes
  • permeability also to Cl-
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14
Q

What is capicitance?

A

ability to store energy

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15
Q

What causes charge to build up on the plates of the capacitor?

A
  • electrons flowing onto one side of the plate and repelling electrons on the opposite plate
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16
Q

What is a high pass and a low pass filter?

A

Low pass only allows Hz below filter
High pass only allows Hz above filter

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17
Q

What effect is detected when the anode is closer to the recording electrodes than the cathode?

A

Anode block
Due to hyperpolarisation by anode

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18
Q

How is conduction velocity calculated?

A

Distance/ Time

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19
Q

What is the frequency of the mains supply in the UK?

A

50Hz

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20
Q

Why are action potentials much smaller than textbook values?

A

ECF fluid is being measured not the intracellular fluid

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21
Q

What are the benefits of the earth electrode?

A

Removes noise
Reduces size of stimulus artefact

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22
Q

What fibre is detected first when stimulated?

A

Median giant, then lateral giant fibre
Median is larger and so conducts more rapidly

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23
Q

If stimulus is applied to the head of the worm, which nerve is stimulated?

A

Median giant fibre
Lateral only stimulated at the posterior end

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24
Q

Why is the ringer solution added at the end?

A

Removes Na+
- used as a positive control to show that Na+ is important for stimulation of an action potential

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25
Q

What is the anterior end of the worm?

A

End closest to the Clitellum

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26
Q

What does a bouncing trace suggest?

A

Nerve is stimulated continuously
However inbetween stimulations, Ca2+ is pumped back into SR by SERCA pump before being released again

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27
Q

What nerve carries sympathetic fibres to the gut?

A

Splanchnic

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28
Q

How is mean arterial pressure expected to change with exercise?

A

Expected to increase, because systolic increases, however diastolic doesn’t change

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29
Q

Will a narrower cuff require more or less pressure to collapse the vessel?

A

More pressure

30
Q

What can palpitation be used to measure?

A

Systolic pressure

31
Q

Why might the means systolic pressure be higher in men than in women?

A
  • higher haematocrit (proportion of RBC)
  • higher proportion of muscle to fat
  • resting metabolic rate is higher
32
Q

What does a short PR interval suggest?

A

Signal going other ways
- Wolff- Parkinson- White syndrome

33
Q

What does a long PR interval suggest?

A

Atrio-ventral block

34
Q

Why might the ECG be upside down?

A

The electrodes may be attached the wrong way round

35
Q

Why are the magnitude of the recordings much smaller than the action potentials?

A

Surface recording
Resistance by the body so voltage is reduced

36
Q

Why is transmission slower in the heart than in the earthworm?

A
  • cardiac myocytes are unmyelinated
  • cardiac myocytes are smaller
  • gap junctions give rise to more resistance
37
Q

How does breathing effect the ECG?

A

Changes how much space the heart has
Inspiration and holding leads to vertical stretching of the heart

38
Q

What does the respiratory gas analyzer analyse?

A

Proportion of dry gases
Dried by filter of calcium chloride crystals

39
Q

What is power equal to?

A

Force x velocity

40
Q

How does a pulse oximeter work?

A

Sends 2 wavelengths
Measures percentage of haemoglobin saturation
Works on principle that oxygenated blood is a different colour to deoxygenated

41
Q

What is the maximum efficiency of a muscle?

A

25%

42
Q

How can total muscle efficiency be calculated?

A

Useful power output/ Total power output

43
Q

What increases the amount of sweat someone would produce?

A

Increase surface area
Greater amount of fat (insulation, so more heat needs to be lost)

44
Q

Did nitrate reductase show specificity?

A

Yes
Rate of reaction in ammonium and nitrate varied massively

45
Q

What improvements can be made to the cotyledon experiment?

A

Use mass of cotyledon instead of pairs (number)
More replicates
Homogenise using a mechanical device

46
Q

How does Fusicoccin work?

A

Binds to 14-3-3 proteins
Activates H+ ATPase
Causes stomatal opening

47
Q

What does a summation stimulation look like?

A

Bouncing up and down, increasing

48
Q

What does a tetanus stimulation look like?

A

Reaches max, without bouncing up and down, because continuously contracted

49
Q

How do you calibrate the force transducer?

A

Add known weights to calculate force exerted by specific masses

50
Q

What is the time constant given by?

A

Resistance x Capacitance

51
Q

Why is there a delay between the electrical and mechanical response?

A

Excitation- Contraction coupling mechanism

52
Q

What is the main mechanism for the greater force at higher stimulation frequencies?

A

Summation

53
Q

Where are Lead I and Lead II/ III located

A

Lead I- on both wrists (horizontal component)
Lead II/ III- located on one wrist and ankle (vertical component)

54
Q

How do locusts power their jump?

A

Amplify power by using a catapult mechanism, which stored elastic energy

55
Q

In a spectrophotometric assay, an absorbance (A) of 0.301 was recorded. Approximately what percentage of incoming light was absorbed by the sample?

A

50%

10^(-A)

56
Q

How does Fusicoccin work?

A

Mimics effect of blue light receptor
PHOTOTROPIN
Triggering P-type ATPase in guard cell

57
Q

What does the diastolic pressure measure?

A

Pressure in the aorta during diastole

58
Q

What does the systolic pressure measure?

A

Pressure in the arteries during systole

59
Q

What would happen to a subjects partial pressures after exercise?

A

No significant change

60
Q

What is Kleiber’s scaling coefficient?

A

0.75

61
Q

What is Rubner’s scaling coefficient?

A

0.67

62
Q

What is the expected conclusion from the locust jump practical?

A

jump distance unrelated to body mass

63
Q

What part of the plant cell does Fusicoccin effect?

A

Cause terminal subsidiary cells to shrink
Mimics the activity of phototropin, triggering P-type ATPase

64
Q

What’s the difference between lead 1 and 2?

A

Lead 1 goes down before QRS
Lead 2 doesn’t and it goes down after

65
Q

Why is there a gap between stimulation and activation of a muscle?

A

Excitation- contraction coupling
Opening of receptors to cause contraction

66
Q

What nerve and muscle is being stimulated

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Ulnar nerve

67
Q

What does osmium tetroxide stain

A

Lipids black

68
Q

What does haematoxylin stain?

A

Positively charged and
DNA, ribosomes

69
Q

What does Alciann blue stain?

A

Mucus blue- Green

70
Q

What does oesin staun?

A

Negatively charged so
Mitochondria, collagen

71
Q

What does van Gieson stain?

A

Collagen red
Smooth muscle yellow

PoO (6 decks)

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