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1
Q

What is the purpose of studying the effects of body size?

A
  • correct the effect of size on physiological variables
  • clarify fundamental physiological functions
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2
Q

What does isometry mean?

A

Organisms have the same relative dimensions

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3
Q

What does negative allometry mean?

A

The relative size of the trait decreases in larger organisms

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4
Q

How to calculate scaling coefficient for SMR from BMR?

A

BMR-1
(MR proportional to mass, so for SMR divide by mass, meaning power -1)

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5
Q

How to calculate metabolic rate from another example?

A

MR= a x B^(scaling coefficient)
1) Calculate a (constant of proportionality)
2) Calculate MR from B (mass) and scaling coefficient

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6
Q

How to calculate a maximum load that can be carried by an animal, from a given example?

A

Find how many times heavier the animal is
load (L) x times heavier (h)^ (scaling power)
or
Mass carry= a x B^(scaling)
to find a, then calculate

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7
Q

How does removing the Earth electrode effect readings?

A

Increases the amount of background noise

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8
Q

Why does the anode have to be behind the cathode?

A

To avoid anode block
Stops action potential due to hyperpolarisation

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9
Q

What is the stimulus artefact?

A

detection of the actual stimulus

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10
Q

What is the latin name for the earth worm?

A

Lumbricus terrestris

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11
Q

When stimulating ulnar nerve why are there also other sensations?

A
  • stimulation of sensory neurones
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12
Q

Advantages of using a semi log plot

A

creates a linear line
easier to compare theoretical and measured values

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13
Q

Why might recorded values in the membrane physiology practical be lower than the expected?

A
  • temp not exactly 20degrees
  • contamination of solutes
  • permeability also to Cl-
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14
Q

What is capicitance?

A

ability to store energy

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15
Q

What causes charge to build up on the plates of the capacitor?

A
  • electrons flowing onto one side of the plate and repelling electrons on the opposite plate
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16
Q

What is a high pass and a low pass filter?

A

Low pass only allows Hz below filter
High pass only allows Hz above filter

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17
Q

What effect is detected when the anode is closer to the recording electrodes than the cathode?

A

Anode block
Due to hyperpolarisation by anode

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18
Q

How is conduction velocity calculated?

A

Distance/ Time

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19
Q

What is the frequency of the mains supply in the UK?

A

50Hz

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20
Q

Why are action potentials much smaller than textbook values?

A

ECF fluid is being measured not the intracellular fluid

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21
Q

What are the benefits of the earth electrode?

A

Removes noise
Reduces size of stimulus artefact

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22
Q

What fibre is detected first when stimulated?

A

Median giant, then lateral giant fibre
Median is larger and so conducts more rapidly

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23
Q

If stimulus is applied to the head of the worm, which nerve is stimulated?

A

Median giant fibre
Lateral only stimulated at the posterior end

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24
Q

Why is the ringer solution added at the end?

A

Removes Na+
- used as a positive control to show that Na+ is important for stimulation of an action potential

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25
What is the anterior end of the worm?
End closest to the Clitellum
26
What does a bouncing trace suggest?
Nerve is stimulated continuously However inbetween stimulations, Ca2+ is pumped back into SR by SERCA pump before being released again
27
What nerve carries sympathetic fibres to the gut?
Splanchnic
28
How is mean arterial pressure expected to change with exercise?
Expected to increase, because systolic increases, however diastolic doesn't change
29
Will a narrower cuff require more or less pressure to collapse the vessel?
More pressure
30
What can palpitation be used to measure?
Systolic pressure
31
Why might the means systolic pressure be higher in men than in women?
- higher haematocrit (proportion of RBC) - higher proportion of muscle to fat - resting metabolic rate is higher
32
What does a short PR interval suggest?
Signal going other ways - Wolff- Parkinson- White syndrome
33
What does a long PR interval suggest?
Atrio-ventral block
34
Why might the ECG be upside down?
The electrodes may be attached the wrong way round
35
Why are the magnitude of the recordings much smaller than the action potentials?
Surface recording Resistance by the body so voltage is reduced
36
Why is transmission slower in the heart than in the earthworm?
- cardiac myocytes are unmyelinated - cardiac myocytes are smaller - gap junctions give rise to more resistance
37
How does breathing effect the ECG?
Changes how much space the heart has Inspiration and holding leads to vertical stretching of the heart
38
What does the respiratory gas analyzer analyse?
Proportion of dry gases Dried by filter of calcium chloride crystals
39
What is power equal to?
Force x velocity
40
How does a pulse oximeter work?
Sends 2 wavelengths Measures percentage of haemoglobin saturation Works on principle that oxygenated blood is a different colour to deoxygenated
41
What is the maximum efficiency of a muscle?
25%
42
How can total muscle efficiency be calculated?
Useful power output/ Total power output
43
What increases the amount of sweat someone would produce?
Increase surface area Greater amount of fat (insulation, so more heat needs to be lost)
44
Did nitrate reductase show specificity?
Yes Rate of reaction in ammonium and nitrate varied massively
45
What improvements can be made to the cotyledon experiment?
Use mass of cotyledon instead of pairs (number) More replicates Homogenise using a mechanical device
46
How does Fusicoccin work?
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins Activates H+ ATPase Causes stomatal opening
47
What does a summation stimulation look like?
Bouncing up and down, increasing
48
What does a tetanus stimulation look like?
Reaches max, without bouncing up and down, because continuously contracted
49
How do you calibrate the force transducer?
Add known weights to calculate force exerted by specific masses
50
What is the time constant given by?
Resistance x Capacitance
51
Why is there a delay between the electrical and mechanical response?
Excitation- Contraction coupling mechanism
52
What is the main mechanism for the greater force at higher stimulation frequencies?
Summation
53
Where are Lead I and Lead II/ III located
Lead I- on both wrists (horizontal component) Lead II/ III- located on one wrist and ankle (vertical component)
54
How do locusts power their jump?
Amplify power by using a catapult mechanism, which stored elastic energy
55
In a spectrophotometric assay, an absorbance (A) of 0.301 was recorded. Approximately what percentage of incoming light was absorbed by the sample?
50% 10^(-A)
56
How does Fusicoccin work?
Mimics effect of blue light receptor PHOTOTROPIN Triggering P-type ATPase in guard cell
57
What does the diastolic pressure measure?
Pressure in the aorta during diastole
58
What does the systolic pressure measure?
Pressure in the arteries during systole
59
What would happen to a subjects partial pressures after exercise?
No significant change
60
What is Kleiber's scaling coefficient?
0.75
61
What is Rubner's scaling coefficient?
0.67
62
What is the expected conclusion from the locust jump practical?
jump distance unrelated to body mass
63
What part of the plant cell does Fusicoccin effect?
Cause terminal subsidiary cells to shrink Mimics the activity of phototropin, triggering P-type ATPase
64
What's the difference between lead 1 and 2?
Lead 1 goes down before QRS Lead 2 doesn't and it goes down after
65
Why is there a gap between stimulation and activation of a muscle?
Excitation- contraction coupling Opening of receptors to cause contraction
66
What nerve and muscle is being stimulated
Abductor digiti minimi Ulnar nerve
67
What does osmium tetroxide stain
Lipids black
68
What does haematoxylin stain?
Positively charged and DNA, ribosomes
69
What does Alciann blue stain?
Mucus blue- Green
70
What does oesin staun?
Negatively charged so Mitochondria, collagen
71
What does van Gieson stain?
Collagen red Smooth muscle yellow

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