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GI Anatomy > Practical 1 > Flashcards

Practical 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10 through the muscular part of the diaphragm

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1
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

C6, continuous with laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What is the oesophagus next to in the abdomen?

A

Liver anteriorly, left crus of diaphragm posteriorly

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3
Q

What is at the junction where the oesophagus reaches the stomach?

A

Oesophagastric sphincter- muscle from right crus, mucous membrane flap and folds at lower end on oesophagus

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4
Q

Where are there oesophageal constrictions?

A
  • as it passes through cricopharyngeus muscle
  • as it passes posterior to aortic arch&left main bronchus
  • as it passes through diaphragm
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5
Q

Describe the blood supply of the oesophagus

A

Upper 1/3- inferior thyroid artery
Middle 1/3- thoracic aorta branches
Lower 1/3- left gastric artery

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6
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3- inferior thyroid veins
Middle 1/3- azygous vein
Lower 1/3- left gastric vein

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7
Q

Describe the autonomic supply of the upper 1/3 of oesophagus

A

Recurrent laryngeal= PNS

Sympathetic trunk= SNS

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8
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

Upper 1/3- deep cervical nodes
Middle 1/3- superior and posterior mediastinal nodes
Lower 1/3- nodes along L gastric artery and celiac nodes

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9
Q

What are the three possible horizontal planes used to split up the abdomen

A

Transpyloric (L1) or subcostal (below L3)

Transtubercular

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10
Q

Name the two vertical planes used to divide the abdomen

A

Right and left midclavicular

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11
Q

What’s the greater omentum?

A

Layer of peritoneum that is attached to greater curvature of stomach and hangs down as an apron over abdominal organs
Fat deposition, immune functions and infection&wound isolation

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12
Q

Name the abdomen region where the stomach lies

A

Left hypochondriac and epigastric

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13
Q

What does the small intestine consist of?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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14
Q

What does the large intestine consist of?

A

Caecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

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15
Q

Name the parts of the colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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16
Q

Where is the transverse colon found?

A

In the umbilical region

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17
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon found?

A

Left iliac fossa and hypogastric region

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18
Q

Where is the spleen found?

A

Left hypochondrium beneath the diaphragm (by posterior parts of 9-11th ribs)

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19
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Within the c shaped loop of the duodenum

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20
Q

What’s the caecum?

A

Dilated portion of large intestine

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21
Q

What comes off the caecum?

A

Vermiform appendix

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22
Q

What’s found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Small intestines, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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23
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane which lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the abdominopelvic organs

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25
Names 7 retroperitoneal structures
Kidneys, duodenum, abdominal aorta, ascending and descending colon, pancreas, oesophagus
26
Name 3 intraperitoneal structures
Stomach, small intestine, transverse colon
27
What structure does the spleen develop in?
Dorsal mesogastrium
28
What structure does the liver develop in?
Ventral mesogastrium
29
What is the area of the stomach called where the oesophagus joins it?
Cardiac orifice
30
What is the area of the stomach called where the duodenum leaves it? What vertebral level?
Pyloric orifice- L1
31
What is found on the lowest part of the lesser curvature of the stomach?
The angular notch (incisura angularis)
32
What is the fundus?
Dome shaped part of the stomach above the level of the cardiac orifice, usually full of gas to dark on an x-ray
33
What surrounds the tubular pyloric canal?
Pyloric sphincter (thick circular smooth muscle)
34
Describe the muscular wall of the stomach and its significance
Different from rest of gut tube as has three layers of muscle: Outer longitudinal Middle circular Inner oblique for the physical breakdown of food and the controlled movement of chyme
35
Where is the lesser omentum found?
Part of ventral mesogastrium between lesser curvature of stomach and visceral surface of liver
36
Where is the falciform ligament found?
Part of ventral mesogastrium between liver and anterior abdominal wall
37
What is the ligament found between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall?
Falciform ligament
38
What three ligaments are formed by the dorsal mesogastrium?
Greater omentum, gastrosplenic ligament and splenorenal ligament.
39
Where is the greater omentum attached?
Greater curvature of the stomach
40
Where is the splenorenal ligament found?
Between spleen and posterior abdominal wall
41
What are the ridges on the inside of the stomach called?
Ruggae= folding of mucous membrane and submucosa
42
At what level does the celiac artery arise from the aorta?
T12, just below the diaphragm
43
What does the celiac artery branch into?
Left gastric, splenic and common hepatic artery
44
What does the L gastric artery supply?
The lower part of the oesophagus and the lesser curvature of the stomach, going between the layers of the lesser omentum
45
Describe the route of the splenic artery
Tortuous course along the posterior abdominal wall to supply the spleen, passing between two layers of the splenorenal ligament. After the spleen it forms the short gastric arteries->fundus of stomach and left gastroepiploic artery->greater curvature of the stomach and greater omentum
46
What does the common hepatic artery split into?
3 branches: Hepatic artery proper R gastric artery Gastroduodenal artery
47
Describe the course of the R gastric artery
Branches from the common hepatic artery and supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach via the lesser omentum. Anastomoses with L gastric artery
48
Describe the gastroduodenal artery path and branches
Gastroduodenal is a branch of the common hepatic artery (from the celiac trunk) Passes to the superior part of the duodenum and gives rise to the R gastroepiploic artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
49
What is the venous drainage of the stomach?
Via veins that accompany the corresponding arteries that drain to the hepatic portal vein
50
What are the 4 main groups of lymph nodes for the stomach?
Left gastric, pyloric, pancreaticosplenic and R gastroepiploic nodes
51
Describe the sympathetic supply of the stomach
T6-T9-> celiac ganglia of celiac plexus-> stomach
52
What does sympathetic stimulation of the stomach achieve?
Vasoconstriction of gastric blood vessels, inhibition of gastric musculature and secretory glands, stimulates pyloric sphincter
53
Describe the parasympathetic supply of the stomach
Vagal supply (CN X) L vagus-> anterior trunk-> anterior stomach R vagus-> posterior trunk->posterior stomach and celiac plexus
54
Describe the parasympathetic supply of the liver
Derived from both anterior and posterior trunks of the vagus, pass between layers of lesser omentum to join the hepatic plexus
55
Describe the functions of the afferent fibres from the stomach
Pain travels with sympathetic afferents | Reflex activity to do with mechanical and metabolic stimuli travel with parasympathetic afferents
56
Describe the position of the cardiac orifice
Behind the 7th costal cartilage to the L of the midline
57
Describe the location of the pyloric orifice
R of the midline on the transpyloric plane (L1)
58
What is the highest point of the fundus of the stomach?
5th intercostal space
59
Name the parts of the duodenum
Superior, descending, horizontal, ascending (C shaped)
60
Which part of the duodenum is retroperitoneal?
Distal 2/3rds of the 1st part and the rest is retroperitoneal Proximal 1/3 of 1st part is within the lesser omentum and passes behind the liver and gall bladder
61
Where do the bile duct, gastroduodenal artery and HPV pass in relation to the 1st part of the duodenum?
Behind the retroperitoneal portion
62
What is the descending part of the duodenum in close proximity to?
The pancreas and R kidney
63
Where do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct open into the gut tube? What does this also mark?
At the major duodenal papilla | Marks the boundary between embryonic foregut and midgut
64
At what level does the horizontal part of the duodenum pass?
L3
65
What are the circular folds of the duodenum called? Function?
Plicae circulares. Slows passage of food and increases SA for absorption via the miscrovilli and villi
66
How do you visualise the interior of the duodenum?
Either via Xray and barium meal or by endoscope
67
Describe the blood supply of the duodenum
Proximal region before major duodenal papilla= celiac artery->superior pancreaticoduodenal a. Distal region= superior mesenteric artery-> inferior pancreatico duodenal a.
68
What is the venous drainage of the duodenum?
Via superior mesenteric v. splenic v. or directly to hepatic portal vein
69
What are the different types of hiatus hernia and their differences?
``` Sliding= oesophagus and stomach migrate upwards through diaphragm and can move up and down. Over 50 and obese Paraoesophageal= stomach pushed up next to oesophagus through diaphragm ```
70
What structures are at risk from surgery to repair a hiatus hernia?
Phrenic nerve and artery

GI Anatomy (5 decks)

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