PRAC RES 1 1st PPT Flashcards
Types of research according to objectives
- Pure
- Applied
- Exploratory
- Explanatory
- Quantitative
- Qualitative
Qualitative research is commonly called
interpretive research
This research type’s methods rely heavily on “thick verbal descriptions of a particular context being studied”
Qualitative Research
The main instrument of data collection in qualitative research
researchers
data is analyzed in qualitative research using
interpretative lenses
5 General Characteristics of Qualitative Research
- Data sources are real-world situations
- Data are descriptive
- Emphasizes a holistic approach
- Data analysis is inductive
- Describes the meaning of res findings from the perspective of res participants
Qualitative Research uses _______ which involves developing generalizations from a limited number of specific observations
inductive reasoning
3 Strengths and Advantages of Qualitative Research
- Use of open-ended questions and probing
- Allow the researcher the flexibility to probe initial participant responses
- Exploratory Advantage
gives participants the opportunity to respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed responses, as quantitative methods do.
Use of open-ended questions and probing
Open-ended questions have the ability to evoke responses that are:
*meaningful and culturally salient to the participant
* unanticipated by the researcher
* rich and explanatory in nature
Advantage in which the researcher can get an in-depth response to make the study substantial
Exploratory Advantage
5 Weakness/Issues in qualitative research
a. gaining entry
b. contacting potential research participants
c. selecting participants
d. enhancing validity and reducing bias
e. leaving the field
issue in qualitative research in which access is very much dependent upon the researcher’s personal characteristics and how others perceive the researcher
may require considerable negotiation and compromise with a gatekeeper
trust is earned, not given
gaining entry
issue in qualitative research relating to gaining access, dealing with gatekeeper(s) and issues of building trust and ensuring confidentiality and anonymity
contacting potential research participants
issue in qualitative research fraught with difficulties in identifying and selecting an appropriate number of participants who can provide useful information about the particular topic and setting being studied
selecting participants
an issue in qualitative research pertaining to observer bias or invalid information resulting from the perspective the researcher brings to the study and imposes upon it
enhancing validity and reducing bias
an issue in qualitative research raising the question when and how to exit
…the bonds formed with study participants complicate leaving the setting
…time constraints
…when the amount of accessible data is sufficient
leaving the field
Types of Qualitative Researches: Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
- Biography–Life history, oral
history - Phenomenology–The lived experience
- Grounded theory
- Ethnography
- Case Study
The study of an individual and her or his experiences as told to the researcher or found in documents and archival material.
Biographical Study
The study of an individual’s life and how it reflects cultural themes of the society.
Life history
The researcher gathers personal recollections of events, their causes, and their effects from and individual or several individuals.
Oral history
Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for several individuals.
It has roots in the philosophical perspectives of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty,
Phenomenology
Moustakas, 1994, p. 13: to determine what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience and are able to provide a comprehensive description of it. From the individual descriptions, general or universal meanings are derived, in other words, the essences of structures of the experience.”
Phenomenology
Based on Symbolic Interactionism which posits that humans act and interact on the basis of symbols, which have meaning and value for the actors.
Grounded Theory
The intent of _________ is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially useful
grounded theory
- Data analysis generates a visual picture, a narrative statement or a series of hypotheses with a central phenomenon, causal conditions, context and consequences.
- The researcher needs to set aside theoretical ideas or notions so that analytical or substantive theories can emerge from the data.
- Systematic approach
Grounded Theory
A description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher examines the group’s observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life.
Involves prolonged observation of the group, typically through participant observation.
Ethnography
What do you call the insider group perspective and researcher’s interpretation of social life in ethnography?
Emic and Etic
The fieldwork, key informants, thick description, and needs grounding in anthropology
Ethnography
T or F. It doesn’t take much time to collect data in ethnography since participant observation is being used
FALSE
Many ethnographies may be written in a _________ approach which may be difficult for the audience accustomed to usual social science writing.
narrative or story telling
an exploration of a “bounded system” or a case (or multiple cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in context.
Case Study
The __________ of the case involves situating the case within its setting. which may be physical, social, historical, and/or economic.
context of the case
Data collection strategies in a case study include ___________________________
direct observation,
interviews,
documents,
archival records,
participant observation,
physical artifacts and
audiovisual materials.
Analysis of themes, or issues and an interpretation of the case by the researcher.
Case Study
