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GRADE 12 > Ecology, Biogeography, Taxonomy > Flashcards

Ecology, Biogeography, Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

retention in an adult organism of juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

A

Paedomorphosis

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2
Q

is when an organism reproduces before reaching physical maturity. This can include reproduction by larvae or juveniles, or by sexually mature larvae.

A

Paedogenesis

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3
Q

variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps to shape the organism

A

Allometric growth

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4
Q

a tissue found in many vascular plants as a part of the epidermis. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem.

A

Cork cambium

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5
Q

is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It’s located between the latitudes of five degrees north and five degrees south. It has the following characteristics:
Low atmospheric pressure
Little to no wind
Cloudy and rainy weather

A

doldrums

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6
Q

an area classified according to the species that live in that location.

A

biome

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7
Q

the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.

A

ecology

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8
Q

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life.

A

biogeography

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9
Q

the most complex of all communities, located near the equator where rainfall is abundant and harboring more species of plants and animals than any other ecosystem in the world

A

Tropical rain forest

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10
Q

woody vines that are rooted in the ground and have long, flexible stems. They are also known as climbing plants, climbers, or vines

A

lianas

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11
Q

a tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires, and droughts

A

savannah

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12
Q

a scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at mid-latitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore, characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

A

chaparral

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13
Q

mixed grassy woodland ecosystems.

A

Temperate Savannah

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14
Q

a biome located throughout mid-latitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees which are mostly of the broad-leaved deciduous type

A

Temperate Forest

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15
Q

a biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation

A

Tundra

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16
Q

portion of the ocean floor where light does not penetrate

A

abyssal zone

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17
Q

emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to an environment presetting a diversity of new opportunities and problems

A

adaptive radiation

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18
Q

jawless class of vertebrates represented today by the lampreys and hagfishes

A

agnathans

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19
Q

mode of speciation induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographical barrier

A

allopatric speciation

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20
Q

aiding of another individual at one’s own risk or expense

A

altruistic behavior

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21
Q

pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population

A

anagenesis

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22
Q

organisms that need only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but which obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances

A

chemoautotrophs

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23
Q

is a self-defense mechanism where an animal sheds or discards one or more of its own appendages.

A

Autotomy

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24
Q

pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist.

A

cladogenesis

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25
Q

a taxonomic approach that classifies organisms according to the order in time that branches arise along a phylogenetic tree without considering the degree of morphological divergence

A

cladistics

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26
Q

the stem reptiles

A

cotylosaurs

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27
Q

plant species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

A

dioecious

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28
Q

steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthopods

A

ecdysone

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29
Q

animals such as reptiles, fishes, and amphibians, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate their body temperature

A

ectotherms

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30
Q

animals that use metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature. the birds and mammals

A

endotherms

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31
Q

plant that nourishes itself, but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of tropical trees

A

epiphyte

32
Q

A physiological state characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity, which permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies

A

estivation

33
Q

the limited period of heat or sexual receptivity that occurs around ovulation in female mammals having estrous cycles

A

estrus

34
Q

study of how animals behave in their natural environments

A

ethology

35
Q

aquatic heterotrophs, like clams and oysters, that sift small food particles from the water

A

filter-feeders

36
Q

reproductive organs of bryophytes

A

gametangia

37
Q

predators that use tentacles, pincers, claws, or jaws to kill their prey or tear off pieces of meat or vegetation

A

holotrophs

38
Q

shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water

A

intertidal zone or littoral zone

39
Q

the jellylike substance between 2 layers of the body wall of a sponge or cnidarian

A

mesoglea

40
Q

process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals to allow growth by secretion of a larger exoskeleton

A

molting

41
Q

in plants, possessing both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual

A

monoecious

42
Q

a group of egg-laying mammals, represented by the platypus and echidnas

A

monotremes

43
Q

a serpentine excretory tube in earthworms immersed in the fluid of the coelom

A

nephridium/nephridia

44
Q

the embryonic development of an organism

A

ontogeny

45
Q

adaptations to control water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments

A

osmoregulation

46
Q

extinct agnathans that were fishlike creatures encased in an armor of bony plates

A

ostracoderms

47
Q

a special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between secondary sexual characteristics of males and females

A

sexual dimorphism

48
Q

the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers

A

shoot system

49
Q

the central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located

A

stele

50
Q

process of nuclear union during fertilization

A

syngamy

51
Q

branch of biology that studies the diversity of life

A

systematics

52
Q

a coniferous or boreal forest biome characterized by snow, harsh winters, short summers, and evergreen trees

A

taiga

53
Q

a movement toward or away from some stimulus

A

taxis

54
Q

vertebrates possessing 2 pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

tetrapods

55
Q

the directional growth of a plant in relation to touch

A

thigmotropism

56
Q

Harmless organism copies the pattern of a dangerous organism to get protection

A

Batesian mimicry

57
Q

the directional movement of an animal in response to chemicals in the environment

A

chemotaxis

58
Q

interaction/relationship between 2 animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected

A

Commensalism

59
Q

all plants and animals living in a defined area

A

community

60
Q

the interaction/relationship between 2 or more organisms, pop, or spe that share some environmental resource when this is in short supply. Both organisms are harmed

A

competition

61
Q

a social structure in which each animal has a relative position of dominance

A

complex hierarchy

62
Q

where members of a group combine their strengths to defend against predators

A

cooperative defence

63
Q

animals that are most active at dawn and dusk

A

crepuscular animals

64
Q

a plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length

A

day neutral plants

65
Q

the directional movement of an animal in response to gravity

A

geotaxis

66
Q

is a method of camouflage in which an animal’s coloration is darker on the top or upper side and lighter on the underside

A

countershading or Thayer’s law,

67
Q

the directional growth of plant organs in response to gravity

A

geotropism

68
Q

ability of an organism to find its way back to a specific area

A

homing

69
Q

the non-directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus in which rate of movement depends on the intensity of the stimulus rather than direction

A

Kinesis

70
Q

the seasonal mass movement of organisms from one area to another and back

A

migration

71
Q

2 or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protection

A

Mullerian mimicry

72
Q

relationship where 2 species benefit from the relationship

A

mutualism

73
Q

non-directional movements of plant in response to external stimuli

A

nastic movements

74
Q

a plant growth response away from a stimulus

A

negative tropism

75
Q

form of exploitation where one species lives on another to obtain food

A

parasitism

76
Q

the directional movement of an animal in response to light

A

phototaxis

77
Q

the environmental agent that resets the biological clock e.g. light, temperature

A

Zeitgeber

GRADE 12 (13 decks)

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