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ANTHROPOLOGY > PRAC/EXAM > Flashcards

PRAC/EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What group are Australopithecines in?

A

They are hominins and they occur before homo

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2
Q

Examples of early hominins?

A
  • Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus
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3
Q

What signal do we pick up from the fossil record that indicate the emergence of hominins?

A

Bipedalism

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4
Q

Lumbar Lordosis

A

Adaption of spine for bipedalism, helps swing body over center of gravity, used to prevent forward flexion, doesn’t develop until children learn to walk.

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5
Q

large lumbar vertebrae

A

Adaptation of spine for bipedalism, gets wider as you go down spine to support weight above it.

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6
Q

Dorsal Wedging

A

Adaption of spine for bipedalism, allows for curvature of spine to maintain balance.

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7
Q

Adaptions of hip to bipedalism

A

Bipeds have shorter, broader hips, iliac blades move forward to curve, gluteus medius allows legs to move out left and right.

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8
Q

Valgus Knee

A

Adaption of femur to bipedalism, results from a high bicondylar angle. brings the knees closer together, which allows to place feet directly below its center of gravity.

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9
Q

Adaptions of foot to bipedalism

A

big and wide feet, big toe bears weight, adducted hallux, arched.

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10
Q

2 Groups of early Australopiths

A

Gracile and Robust

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11
Q

Gracile Australopiths?

A

Anamensis, Afarensis, Africanus, Garhi. Bahrelghazali

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12
Q

Robust Austalopiths?

A

Paranthropus: Robustus, Boisei, Aethiopicus

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13
Q

Australopithicus dentition

A

Large molars, reduced canines, parabolic jaw.

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14
Q

What happened to robust australopiths?

A

Went extinct, did not contribute to homo lineage.

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15
Q

Chronological Order of Homo

A

Habilis, Erectus, Heidelbergensis, Neanderthalensis, Sapiens.

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16
Q

Difference B/w Homo erectus and ergaster

A

Erectus - Asia, Ergaster - Africa

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17
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Higher surface area, faster heat dissipates. Tall skinny naked cool faster, short and fat conserve heat.

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18
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Longer limbs means cool faster.

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19
Q

Cranial evolution over time

A

Rounded skull, bigger brains, smaller faces, smaller molars, chin.

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20
Q

Mental Eminence

A

Chin

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21
Q

Raymond Dart

A

Discovered Taung Child, Aus. Africanus.

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22
Q

Taung Child

A

Aus. Africanus, First Aus. ever found, foramen magnum forward, 1925.

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23
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Hole in base of skull for spinal cord

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24
Q

Piltdown Man

A

Hoax, England, Eoanthropus Dawsoni

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25
Q

Robert Broom

A

Scottish. Aus. Africanus cranium “Mrs. Ples”, Sterkfontein

26
Q

Earliest and most primitive hominin species?

A

Australopithecines, all from Africa.

27
Q

How are Aus. like humans?

A

Bipedal, thick enamel, canine reduction

28
Q

How are Aus. like chimps?

A

Small brains, large cheek teeth

29
Q

Don Johanson and Maurice Taieb

A

Discovered Lucy, Aus. Afarensis, Ethiopia, 1976.

30
Q

Best known specimen of Aus. Afar?

A

Lucy, Hadar 3.2 MYA

31
Q

Louis and Mary Leakey

A

Laetoli pathways, Aus. Afar footprints with add. hallux and arches, Olduwan tools, Homo Habilis

32
Q

Earliest evidence for stone tools found?

A

Dikika, bones with cut marks. Aus. Afar.

33
Q

Earliest definite evidence for stone tools?

A

Gona. Oldowan. Au. Garhi.

34
Q

Oldowan Tools

A

Gona. River cobble used to mash food, skin animals, earliest stone tool FOUND.

35
Q

What was found at Bouri?

A

Animal bones showing mutilation

36
Q

Asfaw and White

A

Au. Garhi and stone tools. 1999.

37
Q

Early stone tool use

A

Used with ape-sized brains, used to butcher animals, early hominins were scavengers.

38
Q

Australopithecine Locomotion

A

Habitually bipedal, but still has climbing adaptations

39
Q

KNM ER 1470

A

Male H Habilis/Rudolfensis, Kenya

40
Q

KNM ER 1813

A

Female H. Habilis, Kenya

41
Q

Nariokotome Boy

A

H. Ergaster 12-15 y/o boy, Kenya

42
Q

Eugene Dubois

A

Dutch. Trinil Skull cap, Java,

43
Q

Zhoukoutien, China

A

1920’s, 40 Homo erectus fossils all lost during WW2

44
Q

Brown and Morwood

A

Indonesia, 2004, H. Florensienses

45
Q

Why was H. Florensienses dwarfed?

A

isolation, insular dwarfism.

46
Q

Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia?

A

Acheulean Hand Axes

47
Q

First to make hand axes?

A

H. Ergaster

48
Q

Neanderthal tools?

A

Mousterian, blades out of flakes, spear points used for hunting, use of fire?

49
Q

H. Sapiens Idaltu?

A

Ethiopia, 1450 cc, intermediate b/w H. sapiens and heidelbergensis

50
Q

Phylogenetic relationships

A

evolutionary relationships

51
Q

Homologous

A

features that are shared by two organisms because they are inherited from a common ancestor

52
Q

Analogous

A

similar anatomical structures that evolved independently to accommodate a similar functional demand

53
Q

Homoplasy

A

explains how organisms might share a character that evolved independently in the two groups

54
Q

Parallelism

A

the independent evolution of similarity in closely-related organisms

55
Q

Convergence

A

the independent evolution of similarity in distantly-related taxa

56
Q

Evolutionary Reversal

A

the occurrence of a trait in a descendent that is identical to that of a distant ancestor, but different than the immediate ancestor.

57
Q

Apomorphies

A

Derived from first common ancestor

58
Q

Plesiomorphies

A

Primitive from common ancestor inheriting trait from more distant ancestor

59
Q

Shared primitive characters

A

symplesiomorphies

60
Q

shared derived characters

A

synapomorphies

ANTHROPOLOGY (8 decks)

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