PRAC/EXAM Flashcards by Kat Agudo

What group are Australopithecines in?

They are hominins and they occur before homo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of early hominins?

Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What signal do we pick up from the fossil record that indicate the emergence of hominins?

Bipedalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lumbar Lordosis

Adaption of spine for bipedalism, helps swing body over center of gravity, used to prevent forward flexion, doesn’t develop until children learn to walk.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large lumbar vertebrae

Adaptation of spine for bipedalism, gets wider as you go down spine to support weight above it.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dorsal Wedging

Adaption of spine for bipedalism, allows for curvature of spine to maintain balance.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adaptions of hip to bipedalism

Bipeds have shorter, broader hips, iliac blades move forward to curve, gluteus medius allows legs to move out left and right.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Valgus Knee

Adaption of femur to bipedalism, results from a high bicondylar angle. brings the knees closer together, which allows to place feet directly below its center of gravity.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adaptions of foot to bipedalism

big and wide feet, big toe bears weight, adducted hallux, arched.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 Groups of early Australopiths

Gracile and Robust

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gracile Australopiths?

Anamensis, Afarensis, Africanus, Garhi. Bahrelghazali

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Robust Austalopiths?

Paranthropus: Robustus, Boisei, Aethiopicus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Australopithicus dentition

Large molars, reduced canines, parabolic jaw.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happened to robust australopiths?

Went extinct, did not contribute to homo lineage.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chronological Order of Homo

Habilis, Erectus, Heidelbergensis, Neanderthalensis, Sapiens.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Difference B/w Homo erectus and ergaster

Erectus - Asia, Ergaster - Africa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bergmann’s Rule

Higher surface area, faster heat dissipates. Tall skinny naked cool faster, short and fat conserve heat.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Allen’s Rule

Longer limbs means cool faster.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cranial evolution over time

Rounded skull, bigger brains, smaller faces, smaller molars, chin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mental Eminence

Chin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Raymond Dart

Discovered Taung Child, Aus. Africanus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Taung Child

Aus. Africanus, First Aus. ever found, foramen magnum forward, 1925.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Foramen Magnum

Hole in base of skull for spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Piltdown Man

Hoax, England, Eoanthropus Dawsoni

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Robert Broom

Scottish. Aus. Africanus cranium "Mrs. Ples", Sterkfontein

Earliest and most primitive hominin species?

Australopithecines, all from Africa.

How are Aus. like humans?

Bipedal, thick enamel, canine reduction

How are Aus. like chimps?

Small brains, large cheek teeth

Don Johanson and Maurice Taieb

Discovered Lucy, Aus. Afarensis, Ethiopia, 1976.

Best known specimen of Aus. Afar?

Lucy, Hadar 3.2 MYA

Louis and Mary Leakey

Laetoli pathways, Aus. Afar footprints with add. hallux and arches, Olduwan tools, Homo Habilis

Earliest evidence for stone tools found?

Dikika, bones with cut marks. Aus. Afar.

Earliest definite evidence for stone tools?

Gona. Oldowan. Au. Garhi.

Oldowan Tools

Gona. River cobble used to mash food, skin animals, earliest stone tool FOUND.

What was found at Bouri?

Animal bones showing mutilation

Asfaw and White

Au. Garhi and stone tools. 1999.

Early stone tool use

Used with ape-sized brains, used to butcher animals, early hominins were scavengers.

Australopithecine Locomotion

Habitually bipedal, but still has climbing adaptations

KNM ER 1470

Male H Habilis/Rudolfensis, Kenya

KNM ER 1813

Female H. Habilis, Kenya

Nariokotome Boy

H. Ergaster 12-15 y/o boy, Kenya

Eugene Dubois

Dutch. Trinil Skull cap, Java,

Zhoukoutien, China

1920's, 40 Homo erectus fossils all lost during WW2

Brown and Morwood

Indonesia, 2004, H. Florensienses

Why was H. Florensienses dwarfed?

isolation, insular dwarfism.

Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia?

Acheulean Hand Axes

First to make hand axes?

H. Ergaster

Neanderthal tools?

Mousterian, blades out of flakes, spear points used for hunting, use of fire?

H. Sapiens Idaltu?

Ethiopia, 1450 cc, intermediate b/w H. sapiens and heidelbergensis

Phylogenetic relationships

evolutionary relationships

Homologous

features that are shared by two organisms because they are inherited from a common ancestor

Analogous

similar anatomical structures that evolved independently to accommodate a similar functional demand

Homoplasy

explains how organisms might share a character that evolved independently in the two groups

Parallelism

the independent evolution of similarity in closely-related organisms

Convergence

the independent evolution of similarity in distantly-related taxa

Evolutionary Reversal

the occurrence of a trait in a descendent that is identical to that of a distant ancestor, but different than the immediate ancestor.

Apomorphies

Derived from first common ancestor

Plesiomorphies

Primitive from common ancestor inheriting trait from more distant ancestor

Shared primitive characters

symplesiomorphies

shared derived characters

synapomorphies