PQ Flashcards
Which type of corneal sample could not be taken without general anaesthesia
A: Virological sample
B: Microbiological sample
C: histopathology sample
D: cytological sample
D: cytological sample
Which animals have cilia on the lower eyelid
Dog
What is aphakia?
A: lack of the lens
B: any opacity in the lens
C: predisposition of the lens to glaucoma
D: congenital malformation of the lens
A: lack of the lens
CS of eq chronic uveitis
Permanent corneal opacity, cataract, sec. glaucoma, choroiditis, bulb atrophy
Why subpalpebral drainage
continuous eye drops in horse, Tarsorrhaphy
indications: painful ocular conditions, tarsorrhaphy,
long term therapy
What is the T-shaped cartilage
Cartilaginous skeleton at base of 3rd eyelid gland
CS of acute eq uveitis
enophtalmos, epiphora, ciliary injection into cornea, hypopyon, opacity
Anterior uveitis?
iritis, cyclitis
What is the job of the uvea?
prevent leakage of proteins to the eye. vascular part of bulbus
CS acute glaucoma
IOP>25 mmHg, opacity, mydriasis, no PLR!
Cannula for injection of air?
27G
Grid keratotomy:
Only in non-melting ulcers (sm animals)
Descemetocele
requires surgical intervention
Tear production
gland of 3rd eyelid, tear gland, and accessory tear gland
CS melting ulcer
pain, and uveitis, corneal edema, hypopyon
How are collagen fibres arranged?
parallel layers
What is corectopia?
abnormal location of pupil
Glands of the eyelid
Zeiss, Moll and tarsal gland
Multiple rows on upper lid
dog
What is TSCP
Transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation at 35 sites 3 mm behind limbus
Most common tumor in uvea?
Melanoma
How does aqueous drain
Schlemm’s canal in iridocorneal angle and uveoscleral route
Human ophthalmology sutures
10/0 and 11/0 non-abs. atraumatic nylon
Which glands produce ptf
Lacrimal gl, gl of 3rd eyelid, tarsal gl, goblet cells in conjunctiva
Hereditary open angle glaucoma
Beagle and poodle, secondary: obstructive angle-uveitis
Consequence of increased IOP
Destroy all ocular structures
Which animals have cilia on the lower eyelid
dog
Systemic inj?
Only if inflamed! AB, hyperosmotic most common
What is chemosis?
Edematous swelling of conjunctiva
Conjunctival vessels
Bright red, vessels in fornix, adrenaline has good effect
CS of acute eq uveitis
Enophthalmos, epiphora, ciliary injection into cornea, hypopyon, opacity
Intraocular tampon
Cellulose
Signs of acute uveitis
Decreased IOP, miosis, cornea edema
Cataract surgery – which one has post lens capsule left intact?
ECE – extracapsular
Anterior synechiae
Iris adhere to cornea
What to evaluate in traumatic eyelid injury
Condition of globe and lacrimal puncta
When should you not dilate the pupil
Glaucoma and lens luxation
Iris tumors?
melanoma
What is corpora nigra?
Aid in control of light entering through the constricted pupil, only herbivores
Which part of fundus is pigmented
Non-tapetal fundus
Why conjunctival cyst
Obstruction of duct of conj.gl., ectopic glandular tissue
What is conjunctiva
Well vascularized mucous membran
What does ciliary body do
Structure in the eye that releases aqueous humour within the eye. Also contain ciliary muscle, which changes
the shape of the lens when your eyes focus (accommodation)
Most important drainage of aqueous in horses
uveoscleral
Reasons for retinal haemorrhage?
Cat with hypertension, ethylene glycol toxicosis, ehrlichiosis
What is symblepharon
Adhesion of conjunctiva on itself or on cornea
Parasympatholytic effect on the eye
Mydriasis and Cycloplegia-Inhibit parasympathomimetic and cause
CS of uveitis
Mitosis, blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora
intravitreal injection?
At lat canthus, 2-3 mm from limbus, gentamycin inj in glaucoma
Reasons for corneal edema
Glaucoma, inflammations, endothelial dystrophy
Components of uvea
Iris, corpus ciliary, choroid
Absorption after topical administration ?
Most is washed out, conjunctival capillaries absorb, or penetrate cornea. Lipid sol. best (transcellular). (Water
sol – intracellular absorption)
Nasolacrimal drainage
Only when you can’t use subpalpebral
What is the point of intraocular surgery
improve drainage
Suspension?
Drug in small particles – tear dissolve it, longer contact time
How is CEA seen on ophthalmoscope?
Folds seen as epsilon like stripes
Trichiasis
Cilia arising from normal located follicles but are pointed in abnormal position
What is collie eye anomaly (CEA)/Retinal dysplasia(RD)
Scleral ectasia=sclera protrudes into the eye around area of optic nerve head
3rd eyelid flap
Protection and healing, ONLY small animals Stay for 2 weeks
Protrusion of T shaped cartilage?
Horse + dog, developmental problem, rare in LA, no sec. inflammations, no discharge/hyperemia
Corneal stromal abscess with fluorescein?
negative
Clinical signs of chronic uveitis:
Anterior synechiae- Iris adhered to cornea, Posterior synechiae-iris adheres to the lens. Dec IOP=Eye atrophy,
Inc IOP=Glaucoma
What is consequence of myositis
Eosinophilia, 3rd eyelid prolapse + eno/exophthalmos
Atropine uses
Dilate pupil. Diagnose severity of uveitis in horse
Posterior uveitis
choroiditis
Borders of anterior eye chamber
Iris, pupil and cornea
Ankyloblepharon
lid margin partially or total closure
How to do cyclophotocoagulation
Transscleral laser – destroy ciliary production
Retinal detachment?
Separation of inner layer of retina from choroid – holes in retina
Ciliary vessels (uveitis)?
Dark red, vessels at limbus, adrenaline has no effect
Site of immune mediated disease
Pemphigus? Mucocutaneous junction
Horse corneal ulcer pathogen
Step, staph, pseudomonas aerog. Fungi: aspergillus, fusarium
What do you use for melting ulcer
Pedicle conjunctival graft transposition, free island conjunctival graft transposition, cornea transplantation,
tissue glue
Secondary closed glaucoma?
Pupillary block or without pupillary block
Who has tapetum cellulosum
carnivores
Treatment cherry eye
Surgery, replace gland – Morgan’s technique, don’t cut off ‹ KCS
Intraocular surgery of glaucoma?
Cyclodialysis, intracapsular lens extraction
Viscoelastic material?
Methylcellulose injected into anterior chamber to replace aq. humor
What does gland of 3rd eyelid do
Prod 30-50% of PTF, and in dog: 1/3 of tear productio
What is lateral canthotomy
Cutting the lateral canthus (decompression technique in case of IOP)
What is tarsorrhaphy
Suturing eyelids together
Sympathomimetic drugs
Mydriasis, Adrenalin, Phenylephrin
What is gonioscopy
Special lense and optical instrument to examine anterior chamber and determine ocular motility and rotation
Layers of conjunctiva
PTF, epithelium,substantia propria –imm processes
Sympatholytic drugs
Miosis and Timolol, Betaxolol
AB for conjunctivitis
Neomycin and gentamicin
Normal pressure of anterior chamber:
HORSE: 25 +/- 7 mmHg
SM Animal: 15-25 mmHg
Subconjunctival injection?
Mostly corticosteroid, max 1ml in dorsal palpebra
Most important outflow(drain) of aqueous in
Horse- Uveoscleral route
What is John’s test
Fluorescent stain appear at nares after 1-10 minutes
What is goniodysgenesis
And development of the iridocorneal angle – familial in C.spaniel, basset hound
Cause of eq uveitis
Leptospira 80%, riboflavin def., hereditary, autoimmune
Conjunctival tumor in dog
Papilloma virus, sq. cell carcinoma
How much of eyelid can be removed
1/4th with V shaped incision
Long term consequence of eq uveitis
Cataract, lens luxation, blindness
Veterinary ophthalmology sutures
6-8/0 monofil/polyfil abs, atraumatic
Which is not a general intervention in eye surgery
Medial canthotomy- lateral canthotomy is correct, medial is not
Most common eyelid tumors
Adenoma/sarcoma/melanoma/papilloma.
Horse: sarcoid
Indication for pars plana vitrectomy eq
Recurrent uveitis
Which statement is true? About SPL:
Frequent topical treatment can be performed with a subpalpebral drain.
Who has stars of winslow in the fundus
horse
How to treat blepharospasm in horse
auriculopalpebral block
Consequence of eq uveitis
Proteins and fibrocytes in aqueous humor and vitreous body
What is important when applying clotrimazole (fungicide) and amitraz(antiparasitic)
No corneal drug contacts
What is harder’s gland, and who have it
Deep portion of 3rd eyelid gland in pigs and rodents
What do you immediately do with a horse with pink eyes
Fluorescein test
IOP in chronic uveitis
Up or down (Eye atrophy)
Where do fluid accumulate in case of corneal edema
In stroma
What is cherry eye syndrome
Protrusion of 3rd eyelid gland, mostly dogs, bulldogs
Lab test for blepharitis
Cotton swab, skin scraping, biopsy
What is the fundus
Visible background of the eye seen through the dilated pupil (The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of
the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole)
Job of corpus ciliaris
Produce aqueous humor and accommodation
How long can drain stay
3-4 weeks
What breed is ectropion normal
Basset hound, bloodhound
Connection of retina
2 sites behind the ciliary body (pars plana) and near optic nerve head
What is the feature of the feline retina?
Cat has a rounded optical nerve disc/head. The vessels from the periphery of the retina.
The retinal vessels are originating from the periphery of the optic nerve head
Cannula for inj of fluid?
30G
Stay suture of globe
Into sclera, not penetrating, support for surgery, 3 and 9 o clock
What is hordeolum internum
Purulent infl of lash follicle and meibomian (tarsal) gland
Acute Glaucoma: describe changes
pain, conjunctival hyperemia, episcleral congestion, corneal edema, fixates wide pupil (no reaction to light),
IOP > 25mm, dislocation of lens, shallow anterior chamber, vision disturbances
Entropion is never?
intermittent
Most common tumor in uvea?
Melanoma in the iris, dogs and cats. Also malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the mammary gl
metastasis to the eye
How many layers in choroidea
4
what is hordeolum externum
Purulent infl of lash follicle and zeis gl
Solution?
pH 3.5-10, sterile, pH and T stabile
Neuromuscular blocks used
Neuromuscular blocks used
Atracurium/ pancuronium 0.2mg/kg, paralyze breathing 30 min
Tear test
Done without anesthesia
Reason for glaucoma
Decreased angle of pectinate ligament, or defect draining, rare in cat
Ointment
pH + T not important, disadvantage: inhibit corneal wound healing
Cannot be used intraocularly
What is seen in PRA
Very reflective tapetum, atrophy of vessels, paleoptic nerve head
Where does vascularization (pathologicalor healing) come from
Deep-ciliary, superficial-conjunctiva
What is mydriasis
Dilation of pupil- sympathetic innervation: M dilator pupillae, gl. Lacrimalis (sympathomimetics, parasympatholytic)
What is miosis
Job of iris
Regulate amount of light
What does tetanus cause
Bilateral eversion of 3rd eyelid
Districhasis
Additional cilia arising from abnormally located follicle in or near tarsal gland
Who have tapetum fibrosum
herbivores
Function of anterior epithelium?
Transport glucose from aqueous, produce lens cells
What is miosis
Constriction of pupil
Parasympathetic innervation: M sphincter pupillae, M.ciliaris,gl. Lacrimalis (sympatholytics,
parasympathomimetics)
Retrobulbar injection
Lower lateral quadrant into retrobulbar space, anesthetic for eye removal in cow, AB in small animals
Which part of cornea has elastin collagen
Fibres- Descemet’s membrane
Is eyeball ever affected?
No, just lid
What does cyclodestructive surgery mean
Decrease aqueous production
What is not true about phacoemulsification
ECE
Why symblepharon
Young cats with viral conjunctivitis – FEHV (herpes)
What to not do melting ulcer
Superficial keratectomy
Chronic glaucoma
Vision disturbance, episcleral congestion, corneal edema, vascularization, pigmentation, descemet’s streaks,
fixated wide pupil, no reaction to light, iris and optic disc atrophy, iop incr or normal,
buphthalmos(enlargement of eyeball)
What does parasympatholytic do
Block m sphincter papilla + ciliary muscle> mydriasis and cycloplegia
Atropine, tropicamide, homatropine, cyclopentolate
What is hordeolum
Inflammation of sebaceous gl of eyelids. Microabscesses – Staph, aureus
Regeneration of ant epithelium of lens?
limited
Acquired ectropion
Trauma, cicatrix, fibrosis and contraction or periocular surgery
Most common reason for uveitis in smallanimals
Idiopathic and autoimmune
What is a sub palpebral lavage kit used for?
To provide long term frequent topical treatment
The rose Bengal die stains
The necrotic and degenerated conjunctival and corneal epithelium
When to culture/ take bacterial sample
Before topic anaesthesia
General interventions in eye surgery
Third eyelid flap. Tarsorrhaphy, approach of the third eyelid, lateral canthotomy, placing stay sutures into the
eye globe
Purkinje images
Presence of lens, opacity of lens
Extraocular tampon
Cotton
Diopter for fundus?
-1 to -3 (vitreous body 5, lens 8-12)
What is ankyloblepharon
union, more or less extensive, of the edges of the eyelids
Animals with absence of lower cilia
Cat horse cow
Extirpation
Removal of globe and orbital stuff enucleation
Prolapsed eye of cat best treatment
Best doesn’t say. Very few keep vision, so I would say evisceration or enucleation but which of these?
Where is tapetum lucidum?
Between retina and choroid, pig has none
What is Chalazion
Cyst of tarsal gl
Conjunctival tumors in cattle
Squamous cell carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma
Layers of cornea
PTF, Epith., stroma, descemet’s membrane, endoth
Schirmer Tear test 1
done w/o anaesthesia
