PQ Flashcards
- Which statement is incorrect. Compared to the JPEG image is the DICOM fires are
a) less appropriate for diagnostics.
b) bigger.
c) preferred more by the owner.
d) cannot be inspected with a medical image viewer program.
b) bigger.
- What is not true for DICOM files?
They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs
Contain images of TIFF format.
The x-ray images have a size of 10-30 megabytes.
They contain metadata besides the image.
They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs
- What does “acquisition” mean in digital imaging?
The clouding of electrons around the cathode spiral.
The scatter of primary beams around the animal’s body.
The creation of picture from the electric signal.
The equilibrium of exposure factors to optimize the image quality.
The creation of picture from the electric signal.
- Which statement is true?
You can’t reach into the primary beam even with lead gloves on.
The lead glove protects from the primary beam.
If you don’t see the bones of your gloved hand on the radiograph, then no radiation was exposed to your hand.
Only pregnant women can’t reach into the primary beam.
The lead glove protects from the primary beam.
- The position of which image is correct for the interpretation?
A
B
Both
Neither of them.
Neither of them.
- Is the positioning correct in this picture?
Yes.
No, the chest is rotated.
No, the forelimbs are not pulled forward.
No, the entire lung is not visible.
Yes
- What if the object is not in the center of the detector plate?
The resulting image will be enlarged.
The resulting image will be distorted.
The resulting image will be unsharp.
The resulting image will be overexposed.
The resulting image will be distorted.
- Which statement is false?
The canine tooth is located rostral to the tympanic bulla.
The patella is located cranial to the fabella.
The sternum is located ventral to the heart.
The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus
The patella is located cranial to the fabella.
- Using the usual recumbency, what is the name of the projection?
a. laterolateral
b. lateromedial
c. mediolateral
d. mediomedial
c. mediolateral
- Where is the bullet?
in the iliac bone
under the iliac bone
above the iliac bone
cannot be told
cannot be told
- Why can be a structure more radiopaque than the other?
It has the same diameter, but it consists of elements of lower atomic numbers
it has the same material. but it’s thinner
it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter
it consists of elements of smaller atomic number and it is thinner
it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter
- What opacity does the marked area have?
fat
metal
soft tissue
bone
soft tissue
- What opacity does the marked area have?
fat
fluid
soft tissue
bone
fat
- Was this dog in sternal or dorsal recumbency?
sternal
dorsal
cannot be told
only the professor knows that
cannot be told
- The structure of which tool is demonstrated in the picture?
intensifying screen
grid
collimator
cassette
grid
- X-ray photons in the body normally are NOT
a. absorbed
b. reflected
c. scattered
d. transmitted
reflected
- Radon
is incorporated after inhalation
is released from industrial fallout
is generated by X-ray
is absent in Europe
is incorporated after inhalation
- It is officially safe to put a hand in the primary X-ray beam with
lead gloves on
with nothing on
with a double layer of protective lead on
none of the above
none of the above
- In case of deterministic effects
severity is proportionate to dose
there is no threshold
the typical unit of measure is Sievert
the most common result is a malignant tumour
severity is proportionate to dose
- An especially sensitive tissue type to ionizing radiation is
the skin
the bone marrow
the nervous system
none
the bone marrow
- In veterinary diagnostic radiology adverse may include
stochastic effects
deterministic effects
radiation sickness
none
stochastic effects
- The X-ray beam does NOT
cause radioactivity
ionize matter
travel at the speed of light
require electric current to generate
cause radioactivity
- A personal dosimeter is
worn on the outer side of protective clothing
your decision to wear it or not
indicates overexposure with light and sound signal
records the effective dose
records the effective dose
- One of the following is NOT a form of protection against ionizing radiation
distance
shielding
dose equivalent
time
dose equivalent
- What type of error is visible in the picture?
it is overexposed
it is underexposed
it is blurry
it has low contrast
it is blurry
- The opacity of which organ differs from the others ?
Urinary bladder
Gallbladder
Trachea.
Heart
Trachea
- Which statement is true ?
You don’t have to use grid for the chest .
You don’t have to use grid above 10 centimeter object thickness .
The use of the grid is often not required in digital systems .
The create improves the image sharpness
The use of the grid is often not required in digital systems .
- What is true regarding the image ?
it is overexposed
it has low contrast
it is underexposed
it has too high contrast
it has low contrast
- Why can’t we see the stifle in this image ?
It is amputated .
It is too far from the cassette .
It is relatively overexposed .
It is relatively underexposed .
it is relatively overexposed
- Which statement is false ?
in case of wrong exposure factors the digital image will be mottled.
The S-value informs you about the exposure .
The image can be mottled both in over- and underexposed cases
Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems
Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems
- Which statement is true ?
the overexposed digital image will be too bright.
the overexposed analog image will be too dark.
the underexposed analog image will be too dark.
the under exposed digital image will be too bright.
the overexposed analog image will be too dark.
- Which of the following is not an image parameter ?
a. density
b. sharpness
c. magnification
d. contrast
c. magnification
- Which exposure factors cause same blackening on the detector than 60kV/8mAs?
70 kV/ 16 mAs
50 kV/ 20 mAs
80kV/2mAs
40 kV/ 10 mAs
80kV/2mAs
- Which statement is false? In case of a chest radiograph
Longer exposure time is recommended
Smaller exposure values are needed compared to an abdominal radiograph of the same diameter
The contrast will be higher compared to the abdomen
Motion unsharpness is a common problem
Longer exposure time is recommended
- Which statement is false?
The mAs describes the number of x-ray photons .
Higher capacity generators are required to produce longer exposure time .
The contrast of the image is mainly based on the mAs .
Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .
Higher capacity generators are required to produce longer exposure time .
- Which exposure facture could be used in small animal radiography ?
8mAs
100 mAs
0,8 mAs
800 mAs
8mAs
- What conclusion can be drawn when comparing the opacity of the structure in the circle and the rib?
The structure is a malignant tumour .
The structure and the rib have the same diameter
The structure lies further from the cassette than the rib .
The structure probably contains calcium .
The structure probably contains calcium .
- Which statement is true?
Image acquisition is faster in CR, than in DR systems
CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems
In the DR systems the cassette contains a PSP plate
A reader or scanner is a normal component of a DR system
CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems
- Which statement is true regarding the radiographic image?
The distortion is less on the periphery.
Distortion can be prevented by centralization.
Objects look smaller on radiograph then their real size.
Unsharpness may come only from motion.
Distortion can be prevented by centralization.
- The cause of an unsharp x-ray image cannot be :
motion
increased distance between the object and the detector
low kV
high mAs
high mAs
- What kind of radiopacity has the marked round structure in the picture?
gas
bone
soft tissue
metal
metal
- What kind of radiopacity has the marked organ in the picture?
gas
bone
soft tissue
fat
soft tissue
- Which statement is false ?
bones are more radiolucent than metals
fat is more radiopaque than fluids
gas is more radiolucent than fat
fluids and soft tissues have the same opacity
fat is more radiopaque than fluids
- What is the main source of the radiation exposure of the personnel?
leaking radiation from the x-ray tube
the primary beam
the secondary beam originating from the patient
none of them
the secondary beam originating from the patient
- Which components are different in conventional and digital radiography?
x-ray tube
generator
grid
detector
detector
- The attenuation of the X-ray beam does not depend on which parameter?
atomic number
object thickness
physical density
optical density
optical density
- What is not a normal component in the digital radiographic technology?
x-ray tube
intensifying screen
grid
collimator
intensifying screen
- Which statement is incorrect? The x-ray (is)…
ionizing radiation.
electromagnetic radiation.
travels at the speed of light.
consists of charged particles.
consists of charged particles.
- With the use of a grid we can
reduce the radiation exposure
improve the image contrast
improve the image sharpness
reduce the exposure time
improve the image contrast
- Which one does not belong to the basic radiographic opacities
a. metal
b. wood
c. stone
d. gas
wood
- Which statement is false? The x-ray beam is
invisible
makes chemical changes in photoemulsions
produces light flash in fluorescent materials
penetrates bodies without losing energy
penetrates bodies without losing energy
- Which statement is false? The scattered beam
is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff
originates mostly from the patient’s body
is disadvantageous concerning the quality of the radiograph
is less intense than the primary beam
is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff
- Which statement is false?
The use of grid is recommended over 10 cm object diameter.
Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced
The grid filters the scatter radiation
The grid contains small lead strips standing vertically or in an angle facing toward the x-ray tube.
Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced
- Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce fog producing scatter radiation
20cm
10cm
2.5 cm
30cm
10cm
- When viewing a radiograph over laterally positioned animal
the head should be at the top of the viewbox /display
the head should face the viewer’s left with this spine at the top
they had shoot face with the viewer’s right with the spine at the top
the head should face the viewer’s left with the spine at the bottom
the head should face the viewer’s left with this spine at the top
- To prevent magnification and distortion of the object being radiographed, the patient must …
be as parallel to the film as possible
be as close to the film as possible
be as close to the x-ray tube as possible
both a and b are correct
both a and b are correct
- Where is a grid located?
between the patient and the cassette
between the patient and the x-ray tube
above the x-ray tube
under the cassette
between the patient and the cassette
- What do grids contain that controls scatter radiation?
a. Molybdenum
b. Aluminium
c. Silver
d. Lead
Lead
- The primary exposure factor that controls scatter radiation is
kVp
mAs
increased exposure time
the collimator setting
kVp
- Which of the following radiographs should have the shortest scale of contrast?
abdomen
thorax
femur
all are approximately equal
thorax
- Which of the following increases radiographic density?
thinner body parts
increased mAs
increased density of the bodypart being radiographed
decreased kVp
increased density of the bodypart being radiographed
- If we increase the kVp, we have to use ……..mAs, to get the same exposure.
higher
the same
lower
whatever
lower
- The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in
a. kilovolts
b. kilowatts
c. milliamperes
d. centimeters
a. kilovolts
- Which is a characteristic of x-rays?
Their total number produced is determined by kV
Longer wavelengths have more penetrating power.
Their intensity increases as SID (source-image distance) decreases.
They diverge from a light source.
Longer wavelengths have more penetrating power.
- The temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by:
time setting.
the source-image distance.
kVp setting.
mA setting.
mA setting.
- One percent of the energy produced at the anode is in the form of
heat
x-rays
light
none of the above.
x-rays
- Increasing the film-object distance:
The resulting image will be larger.
The resulting image will be sharper.
The resulting image will be distorted.
Both a and b is correct.
The resulting image will be distorted.
- According to Santes’ rule, if a cats abdomen measures 8 cm, FFD is 100 cm, kVp is:
a. 72
b. 56
c. 66
d. 52
b. 56
- The milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 100 mA and 1/10 sec is:
10 mAs
10000 mAs
100 mAs
1mAs
10 mAs
- Ways to increase penetrating power of x-rays include:
increasing kVp.
increasing the time setting.
increasing thermionic emission.
increasing mAs.
increasing kVp.
- X-ray photons travel:
toward the cathode in an x-ray tube.
away from the anode in an x-ray tube.
toward the anode in an x-ray tube.
None of them is true.
away from the anode in an x-ray tube.
- Electrons travel:
Toward the cathode in an x-ray tube
Away from the anode in an x-ray tube
Toward the anode in an x-ray tube
None of them is true
Toward the anode in an x-ray tube
- Which of the following statements is true?
X-rays can be deflected by magnetic fields.
X-rays with longer wavelengths penetrate farther than rays with shorter wavelengths.
Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.
Gamma rays are required to produce a radiograph.
X-rays with longer wavelengths penetrate farther than rays with shorter wavelengths.
- As x-rays pass through materials, they have the ability to:
cause some substances to fluoresce (emit visible light).
completely remove an electron from an atom, leaving the atom positively charged.
cause biochemical changes that can kill cells.
all of the above.
all of the above.
- The negatively charged particle of an atom is the:
a. proton.
b. neutron.
c. electron.
d. nucleus.
electron
- Which statement is true?
Fluoroscopy causes very low radiation exposure.
Fluoroscopy is mainly used for static examinations.
During fluoroscopy the x-ray tube is generally above the animal.
Fluoroscope is also called “C-arm”.
Fluoroscope is also called “C-arm”.
- Which statement is true?
Some digital technologies use x-ray films.
Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.
DR systems can be digital or analog.
The picture of CR systems can be static or dynamic.
Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.
- Which part of the x-ray machine is marked in the picture?
generator
collimator
x-ray tube
control panel/computer
generator
- Which statement is false?
The x-ray radiation is electromagnetic radiation.
X-ray beams cannot be deflected by a magnetic field.
Particles with higher energy have a higher penetrating power.
The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.
The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.
- What is not a normal component of an indirect digital system (CR)?
x-ray tube
x-ray film
collimator
PSP plate
x-ray film
- Which statement is true? The use of the grid
reduces the radiation exposure
improves the image contrast
improves the image sharpness
reduces the exposure time
improves the image contrast
- Which of the above x-ray tubes contains rotating anode?
A
B
both
none of them
B
- What is the normal range of tube voltage in small animal radiography?
0,1-2 kVp
1000-2000 kVp
40-100 kVp
4-10 kVp
40-100 kVp
- Which statement is false?
The kVp describes the strength (penetrating power) of the x-ray beam.
The mA describes the number of x-ray photons
To maintain the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.
The same mAs can be created from different time components.
To maintain the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.
- Which one is not an exposure factor?
a. kV
b. mA
c. kW
d. s
c. kW
- What is the role of the collimator?
Filtration of the scattered beams
Setting the size of the x-ray beam
Setting the strength of the x-ray beam
Reduction of x-ray radiation
Setting the size of the x-ray beam
- Which statement is false?
The generator determines the capacity of the x-ray machine.
Greater capacity allows shorter exposure time.
Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness
The most common reason for motion unsharpness is panting.
Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: therapy
Crisis: 0.9% saline, hydrocortisone
Later: fludrocortisone, DOCP, prednisolone, salt
Breed predisposed for Addisons
Poodle
Most important nutritive vessel of the ventral abdominal skin is…
Cranial supf. epigastric artery and vein
Which of the following techniques is the most tension relieving one?
Tubed/stent suture
Addisons disease in dogs: diagnosis
Na+/K+ <27, Cl- decrease, ACTH stimulation test
In which species is thyroid adenocarcinoma wo/ hormone alteration most common?
Dogs
Which disorder does not cause osmotic diuresis?
Pyometra
What is the classical indication for adrenalectomy?
Unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma causing peripheral Cushing
Which nerve is most prone to iatrogenic injury durin ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO) procedure?
Auriculotemporal branch of facial nerve
What disease is typical for this picture?
Hypercorticolism (Cushings)
Hypothyroidism of dogs: diagnosis
Thyroxine decrease and TSH increase, free thyroxine decrease, TGAA, TSH/TRH-stimulation test
Hypoadrenocorticolism (Addisons) of dogs: clinical manifistation
Dehydration, K increase, Ca decrease, weakness, tremor, shock, bradycardia
Breed predisposed for Cushings
Dachshound
Diagnosis
Alopecia-X
What is true regarding diabetes insipidus?
Partial or complete ADH deficiency
What is the target blood glucose level in the diabetic patient at max effect of insulin?
4-7 mmol/L
Addisons disease in dogs: cause and pathogenesis
Primary disease is due to autoimmune inflammation of adrenals
Which procedure is most effective and appropriate in canine otitis external and media?
TECA LBO
Which breed is not predisposed for obesity?
Borzoi
Which factor plays a cricual role in the preoperative determination of surgical prognosis of adrenalectomy?
Tumorous involvement of caudal vena cava
Central form of diabetes insipidus: treatment
Desmopressin most effective
What is not a consequence of obesity?
Hypokalemia
Hyperthyroidism of cats
Thyroid adenoma or hyperplasia, polyphagia, weightloss, myocardial hypertrophy
In which endocrine disorder is there no PU/PD
Hyperthyroidism and Alopecia-X
Hyperthyroidism of cats: therapeutic options
Thyroidectomy, radiotherapy, methimazole, low iodine diet
Hypothyroidism of dogs: symptoms
Decr. activity, weight gain, alopecia, thick skin, bradycardia, decr. fertility
What does W-plasty mean?
Scar correcting plastic procedure
What is the common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?
Thyroid adenoma
Congenital hyposomatotropism: clinical features
German shepherd, proportionate dwarfism, alopecia
Acromegaly: causes
Dog: progestagen treatment, cat: pituitary tumor
In monogastric animals the energy content of which feed is utilized most efficiently?
Fat
Which of the following procedure is the most effective in feline otitis media?
Ventral bulla osteotomy
Causes of insulin resistance?
Progesterone, hypercorticolism, hypersomatotropism
What may cause hypoglycaemia in the diabetic patient treated with insulin?
DI ( + spaying of bitch)
What may cause hyperglycaemia in diabetic patient treated with insulin?
Insulin resistance
3 most common causes of PU/PD in cats?
Chronic kidney disease, DM, hyperthyroidism
What is the pathognomic symptoms of Cushings?
Calcinosis cutis
Which have the widest indication area?
Reconstructive surgery
What is V-Y plasty?
Tension relieving plastic procedure
Which of the following is the most informative one for diagnosing ectopic ureters?
Cystoscopy
Double contrast cystography
IV pyrography pneumocystography
Urinary scintigraphy
Cystoscopy
This AB is not excreted with urine - and not proper treatment for UTI
Amoxicillin
Cephalosporin
Rifamipicin
Trimetoprim-sulphonamide
Rifampicin
Renal proteinuria can be decreased by:
renal diet
antihypertensive drugs
ACE-inhibitors
All 3
All 3
High-dose maintenance fluid therapy (>100ml/kg/day) for acute kidney injury:
increases diureses, thus flushes kidneys faster
may cause interstitial edema in kidneys, that decrease GFR and renal blood flow
Ensures adequate daily fluid intake in anorexic animals
In anuria, it ensures that renal function and urine production are restored quickly
may cause interstitial edema in kidneys, that decrease GFR and renal blood flow
Which one is the most likely diagnosis in dogs in case of hematuria?
Urolithiasis
Benign prostate hypertrophy
Bacterial cystitis
Neoplasm
Bacterial cystitis
What is the cause of purine urolithiasis?
Hyperuricoseuria
PSS
Chronic liver disease
All 3
All 3
Which statement is true about the treatment of pyelonephritis?
1-2 weeks of AB therapy is requires
Aspiration of pus and rinsing of renal pelvis accelerated healing
Treatment if anemia should be started as soon as possible
Conservative treatment is usually unsuccessful, this unilat nephrectomy is the solution
Aspiration of pus and rinsing of renal pelvis accelerated healing
Typical symptom of tubular acidosis:
Incontinence
Metabolic acidosis
PU/PD
Bone development disorders
Metabolic acidosis
PD definition in dogs and cats
Dogs: >80-100 ml/bw/kg
Cat: > 50 ml/bw/kg
Which organ is not damaged due to hypertension?
Lungs
Brain
Kidneys
Eyes
Lungs
Which of the following suture patters is not recommended for cystotomy wound closure?
Double layer continuous lembert
Double layer (penetrating lembert) suture
Single layer seromuscular continous
Double layer interrupted lembert
Double layer (penetrating lembert) suture
Ectopic ureters ….. Which answer is wrong?
Are usually causing constant urine dripping
Are occurring only in females
Can be diagnosed by x-ray or CT
Can be diagnosed with cystocsopy
Are occuring only in females
Which statement is true about progression of CKD?
Hypertension and proteinuria can increase the hyperfiltration of the nephrons
Renal fibrosis is primarily caused by the excessive production of PTH
Is generally reversible with specific therapy
Loss of functional nephrons leads to an increase in GFR
Hypertension and proteinuria can increase the hyperfiltration of the nephrons
Which is not true for feline idiopathic cystitis?
Antibiotics are useless
Affected cats are mostly fed dry food
Affected cats are mostly outdoors
Affects mostly neutered cats
Affected cats are mostly outdoors
Which of the following breed is usually not affected by ectopic ureters?
Labrador
Husky
German shepherd
Westie
German shepherd
Which of the following is not recommended for surgical resolution of prostatic cysts?
Marsupialisation
Omentalisation
Drainage
Puncture
Puncture
Which statement is correct? During nephrotomy…
The kidney is occluded via clamping both renal artery and vein
Renal vein is to be occluded so that the arterial blood supply remains intact
Renal artery is to be occluded so that the venous drainage remains intact
The ureter is also occluded
Renal artery is to be occluded so that the venous drainage remains intact
What is not typical for acute kidney injury?
Azotemia
Hypokalemia
Oliguria, anuria
Metabolic acidosis
Hypokalemia
Treatment of pyelonephritis: which answer is wrong?
Ace-inhibitors, omega 3 fatty acids
Puncture and flushing of renal pelvis
Systemic AB
Fluid therapy
Ace-inhibitors, omega 3 fatty acids
When is it recommended to start EPO/darbepoetin therapy in CKD?
When hematocrit drops to 18-20%
Which is not an indication for dialysis treatment?
Polyuric acute kidney injury inresponsive to fluid therapy
Anuric acute kidney injury
Chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis
Removal of toxins in case of acute toxicosis
Polyuric acute kidney injury inresponsive to fluid therapy
Which is not a contributing factor concering lower UTI?
Incontinence
GCC therapy
FIC
Fanconi syndrome
Fanconi
Which feline lower UTI disease can be accompanied by crystalluria?
Idiopathic cystitis
Urolithiasis
Bacterial cystitis
All 3
All 3
Recommended concomitant with EPO/darbepoetin?
Iron + B12
What type of proteins are detected with sulfosalicylic acid test?
Albumin
Globulin
None
Both
Both
Which of the following means urination not at the proper place?
Stranguria
Pollikuria
Dysuria
Periuria
Periuria
Which statement is false? In case of subclinical bacteriuria:
Usually a predisp. factor for UTI is present
AB therapy will be prescribes
Urine sediment can be active
Microbiological examination of urine is positive
AB therapy will be prescribed
Which is not correct: Treatment of CKD patients include….
Renal diet, phosphate binders
ACE-inhibitors, antihypertensive drugs
EPO inj., potassium supplementation
Diuretics PO
ACE-inhibitors, antihypertensive drugs
Second common UTI disease in dogs
Urolithiasis
Persistant, prerenal proteinuria..
Is a typical characteristics of UTI infection
Occurs after heavy physical activity
Bence-jones protein are typical examples
Typical characteristics of leptospirosis
Bence-jones protein are typical examples
Which statement is incorrect concerning acute abdominal peritonitis?
Precise diagnosis of particular organ dysfunction is necessary for surgical indication
Diagnosis of acute abdomen is sufficient for surgical indication
definitely requires emergency care
Caused by morphological and/or functional disorder of abdominal organs
Precise diagnosis of particular organ dysfunction is necessary for surgical indication
You can diagnose pyelonephritis by… Which answer is wrong?
Hemoculture in case of azotemia
Histological examination of a renal biopsy specimen
Visualizing pelvis dilation with imaging methods and performing urine cultures
Microbiological examination of a renal pelvis puncture
Hemoculture in case of azotemia
What is the cause of urine urolithiasis?
Hyperuricosuria
PSS
Chronic liver disease
All 3
All 3
Monitoring blood pressure is particularly important
In young animals
In FIC
In kidney disease
In case of heart failure
In kidney disease
To determine the urine concentrating ability of kidneys we use?
Blod/urea level
Urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)
Urine specific gravity with a refractometer
Blood creating and SDMA levels
Specific gravity
Most likely diagnosis in cats in case of hematuria?
FIC
Urolithiasis
Neoplasia
Bacterial cystitis
FIC
Which statement is correct abount glumerulopathies?
75% of glomerulopathies is amyloidosis
50% of glomerulopathies is amyloidosis
15% of glomerulopathies is of immune complex origin
50% of glomerulopathies is of immune complex origin
50% of glomerulopathies is of immune complex origin
Renal amyloidosis in typically not caused by?
Chronic liver disease
Not typical of IRIS stage 1 CKD?
Acute blindness because of hypertension
Antidote for ethylene glycol toxicosis?
Ethyl-alcohol and fomepizole
When should you think about leptospirosis in a dog?
Elevated liver enzymes and creatinine level
What is the most effective gastric protectant for dogs with chronic kidney failure?
Pantoprazole
How do you treat a cat with FIC?
Increased water intake
Until what level is it recommended fo increase Ht with EPO therapy in CKD?
Until Ht at ca. 30%
Which drug is not recommended to improve appetite in cats with CKD?
Pantoprazole
IRIS classification, wrong answer?
4 stages determined by serum creatinin levels
Stage 1 creatinine is only mildly elevated
Substages based on presence of proteinuria
Substages based on degree of hypertension
Stage 1 creatinine is only mildly elevated
What is true about urohydropropulsion?
Require good surgical skills
No sedation is required
Renal pelvis is connected to the bladder with special shunt
Suitable for removing small stones from the bladder
The technique may be suitable for removing small stones from urinary bladder
Fanconi syndrome is not characterised by?
Central DI
Which statement is false?
In glomerular proteinuria, large proteins are excreted
Tubular proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio is very high
Borderline proteinuria means UPC is between 0.2 and 0.4/5
Proteinuria of glomerular or tubular origin can be differentiated by renal biopsy
Tubular proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio is very high
Most common cause of lower UTI in dogs?
Bladder tumor, prostate alterations
Anatomical disorders, foreign body
Bacterial cystitis, urolithiasis
Interstitial cystitis, mycoplasma
Bacterial cystitis, urolithiasis
Not true about polycystic kidney disease?
Painful kidneys
Hematuria
Do not have > 1 year to live
Inherited
Do not have > 1 year to live
Causes of acute interstitial nephritis in small animals?
E.coli/Proteus
Antifreeze
Leptospirosis
Ureter stones
Leptospirosis
What is trua about subclinical bacteruria?
Asymptomatic
Only mild lower UTI symptoms
Pyelonephritis may be suspected
Bacteria in urine is usually multidrug resistant
Asymptomatic
Which statement is true about pyelonephritis?
Bacteria usually reach renal pelvis from systemic circulation
We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspirating the renal pelvis
On US we find shrunken kidneys
Usually urinary sediment is unchanged, because the inflammation is limited to renal pelvis
We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspirating the renal pelvis
Which uroliths are radiodense?
Calcium oxalate and struvite
Which of the following toold/findings is of lowest diagnostic value in diagnosis of urinary bladder tumors?
Double contrast cystography
Ultrasonography
Urine sediment analysis/cytology
Therapy-irresponsive hematuria
Therapy-irresponsive hematuria
Which suture material is not recommended for cystotomy wound closure?
Poliglecaprone
PDS, polyglyconate, glycomer are recommended
Causes of anemia in chronic kidney patients. Which answer is not true?
Lack of EPO
GI bleeding/ulcers
Decreased survivaltime of RBC
Hemolysis
Hemolysis
Causes of glomerular disease in small animals. Which is not correct?
Adhesions of immune complexes to basement membr.
Ischemia, nephrotoxic materials
Amyloidosis
Congenital/aquired basement membr/podocyte injury
Congenital/aquired basement membr/podocyte injury
Which of the following factors does not affect the success of feline perineal urethrostomy?
Transection of bulbospongiosis muscle
Mucocutaneous approximation of the stroma
Transection of isciocavernosus muscle
Type of suture material
Transection of bulbospongiosis muscle
Most common lower UTI of cats?
Prostate disease
Idiopathic cystitis
Urolithiasis
Bacterial cystitis
Idiopathic cystitis
Which of the following protocols is to be followed in acute obstruction FLUTD?
Stabilisation of urethral obstruction
What is your diagnosis if glucosuria appears in case of euglycemia?
Addisons
Not typical alteration in CKD
Hypokalemia
Anemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the most important test for diagnosing glomerulonephropathies?
Determination of blood creatinine and urea values
Determination of specific gravity by refractometer
Detection of severe proteinuria
Examination of urine sediment
Detection of severe proteinuria
Prerenal azotemia…. Which is the wrong answer?
May be due to dehydration
May cause kidney damage without treatment
Can be corrected with fluid therapy
May be caused by urine leakage into abdomen
May be caused by urine leakage into abdomen
If a cat has enlarged kidneys, what diagnosis is not probable?
PKD
Hydronephrosis
Lymphoma
Renal fibrosis
Renal fibrosis
Which statement is incorrect regarding prostate US?
It can differentiate cysts from abscess
Which statement is correct regarding traumatic renal bleeding?
Abdominocentesis is always positive (blood)
Plain abd. radiograph is usually pathognomic
Retroperitoneal blood loss may lead to exsanguination
Retroperitoneal blood loss may occur but usually it does not lead to life-threatening circulatory changes
Retroperitoneal blood loss may lead to exsanguination
Which treatment does not affect the PTH level in chronic renal cases?
Feeding renal diet
Adding phosphorus binders to diet
ACE inhibitor therapy
Vit. D administration
ACE inhibitor therapy
What is the advantage of scrotal urethrostomy?
Easily dissectable urethra, enlarged section, wide and safe stroma
Which of the following findings indicate urinary bladder rupture?
If catheterization cannot harvest urine in traumatized patient
Urine contains blood during catheterisation of traumatised patient
Contrast leakage is confirmed by positive anterograde cystography
Contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography
Contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography
Which of the following statements are incorrect regarding nephrolithiasis?
Occurs bilaterally
Can lead to ureterolithiasis
Caused by congenital disorder
Dalmatians always form urate uroliths
Dalmatians always form urate uroliths
Which statement is correct regarding ectopic ureters?
May cause dysuria
In acquired form, the incontinence is recurring
Urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes
Urinary incontinence is always constant
Urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes
Which statement is true about immune-complex glomerulonephritis?
Diagnosis can be made based in typical US image of the kidneys
Urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high
An important element of therapy is broad-spectrum AB treatment
Serum albumin level is increased
An important element of therapy is broad-spectrum AB treatment
Amyloidosis is not typically caused by?
Chronic inflammatory processes
Neoplasia
Chronic liver disease
Genetic causes
Chronic liver disease
Hypercholesterolemia is typically associated with the following kidney disease..
Glomerulopathies in dogs
Chronic kidney disease of cats
Acute kidney injury in dogs
Fanconi syndrome
Glomerulopathies in dogs
Oliguria in dog, etiology
Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra
Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis
Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease
Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies
Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease
Renal amyloidosis is typically found in which dog breed?
Basenji
Shar-pei
Vizsla
Poodle
Shar-pei
Which treatment is not recommended in FIC?
Increased water intake
Pheromones
Urine acidification
Toys, scratching posts, hiding places, additional, litters
Urine acidification
What typically causes “acute on chronic” kidney disease?
Polypoid cystitis
Hemodynamic disturbances
Hyperthyroidism
Hepatopathy
Hemodynamic disturbances
