ppt2 Flashcards
Carbohydrates are __ with __ and __ groups.
* They act as energy storage & transport molecules.
* They also serve as structural units.
* The general formula for a carbohydrate monomer is multiples of CH2O, maintaining a ratio of 1 carbon to 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen
carbon molecules
hydrogen
hydroxyl groups
4 Main Carbohydrates Types:
* __, simple sugars.
* __, two monosaccharides.
* __, between 3 & 20
monosaccharides.
* __, hundreds to hundreds of
thousands of monosaccharides
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
All living cells contain glucose (__).
– Cells break down glucose to release energy. The final products are __& __.
– Glucose exists as a __chain & a __. The __form is predominant.
C6H12O6
CO2
H20
straight chain
ring
ring
Hexoses (__) include the following __: glucose, fructose, mannose, & galactose.
six-carbon sugars
structural isomers
Two examples of pentoses (__) are __ & __, found in __.
five carbon sugars
ribose
deoxyribose
nucleic acids
Glycosidic linkages are created by __through__ involving __ [-OH].
enzymes
dehydration synthesis
2 hydroxyl groups [-OH].
Oligosaccharides contain more than __ monosaccharides.
* Many proteins found on the outer surface of cells have oligosaccharides attached to the __ of certain __ or to __.
* The human ABO blood types owe their specificity to oligosaccharide chains.
two
R group
amino acids
lipids
Polysaccharides are giant chains of
monosaccharides
* __ is a polysaccharide of glucose, storage molecule in plants
* Glycogen, is a highly __ polysaccharide of glucose in animals
* Cellulose is a giant polymer of glucose – __in plants
starch
branched
structural polymer
Starches vary in branching. Some plant starch, such as amylose, is unbranched. Others, such as amylopectin, are branched.
Lipids: diverse biological molecules that are __ in water.
Lipids involved in:
* __ storage (fats & oils),
* __ (phospholipids),
* capture of __ energy (carotenoids),
* hormones & vitamins (steroids & modified fatty acids),
* __ insulation,
* __ insulation of nerves, &
* water __ (waxes and oils).
insoluble
energy
cell membranes
light
hormones & vitamins
thermal
electrical
repellency
Carbohydrates are carbon molecules with hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.
- They act as __ & __ molecules.
- They also serve as __ units.
- The general formula for a carbohydrate monomer is multiples of __, maintaining a ratio of 1 __to 2 __to 1 __.
energy storage
transport
structural
CH20
carbon
hydrogens
oxygen
Lipids: diverse biological molecules that are insoluble in water.
Lipids involved in:
* energy storage (__& __),
* cell membranes (__),
* capture of light energy (__),
* hormones & vitamins (__& modified __),
* thermal insulation,
* electrical insulation of nerves, &
* water repellency (__ and __).
fats
oils
phospholipids
carotenoids
steroids
fatty acids
waxes
oils
Fats & oils are __, composed of __ molecules and __molecule.
- Fats are triglycerides that are __
and ___ at room temperature respectively.
triglycerides
three fatty acid
one gylcerol
solid
liquid
Glycerol (or glycerin) is a __
molecule with __ groups.
* Fatty acids are ___ with a —__at one end.
3-carbon
3 hydroxyl (–OH)
long chain hydrocarbons
–COOH (carboxyl)
Lipids: diverse biological molecules’ insoluble in water. The roles of lipids include:
* energy storage (__),
* cell membranes (__),
* capture of light energy (__),
* hormones & vitamins (__& __),
* thermal insulation,
* electrical insulation of nerves, &
* water repellency (__).
fats & oils
phospholipids
carotenoids
steroids
modified fatty acids
waxes and oils
In saturated Fatty acids, the C chain has only __. Saturated FA’s are __, straight, __ & are solid or semisolid at room temperature.
(Ex. Animal fats)
* Unsaturated Fatty acids, have at least one __ in the hydrocarbon.
– The double bonds in unsaturated FA’s cause rigid
kinks that prevent easy packing. As a result, unsaturated FA’s are liquid at room temperature.
Some FA’s have more than one double bond; they
are ___.
single bonds
rigid
pack tightly
double-bonded C
polyunsaturated
Phospholipids have __ & a ___containing compound
attached to the __.
As a result, phospholipids orient so that the phosphate group faces water & the tail faces
away from water. In aqueous environments, these lipids form bilayers. Cell membranes are structured this way
two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
hydrophilic (negatively charged) phosphate
glycerol
Other classes of lipids are not based on a glycerol-fatty acid structure. They are made up of
__ & __ and are __.
- __: light-absorbing pigments found in plants & animals.
- __function as hormones, chemical signals within the body. Organic compounds with a series of __ that comes from cholesterol either made in the body or absorbed from food.
- Vitamins—small molecules not synthesized by the
body—must acquire in diet. Vitamins A, D, E & K are
lipids - Waxes—highly nonpolar molecules composed of Fatty
acids and an alcohol
carbon
hydrogen
nonpolar
Carotenoids
Steroids
fused rings
Other classes of lipids are not based on
a glycerol-fatty acid structure. They are made up of
Carbon & Hydrogen and are nonpolar.
* Carotenoids are light-absorbing pigments found in
plants & animals.
* Steroids function as hormones, chemical signals
within the body. Organic compounds with a series of
fused rings that comes from cholesterol either made
in the body or absorbed from food.
* ___—small molecules not synthesized by the
body—must acquire in diet. Vitamins A, D, E & K are
lipids
* ___—highly nonpolar molecules composed of Fatty
acids and an alcohol
Vitamins
Waxes
