ppt2

Question 1

Carbohydrates are __ with __ and __ groups.
* They act as energy storage & transport molecules.
* They also serve as structural units.
* The general formula for a carbohydrate monomer is multiples of CH2O, maintaining a ratio of 1 carbon to 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen

Answer 1

carbon molecules

hydrogen

hydroxyl groups

Question 2

4 Main Carbohydrates Types:
* __, simple sugars.
* __, two monosaccharides.
* __, between 3 & 20
monosaccharides.
* __, hundreds to hundreds of
thousands of monosaccharides

Answer 2

monosaccharides

disaccharides

oligosaccharides

polysaccharides

Question 3

All living cells contain glucose (__).
– Cells break down glucose to release energy. The final products are __& __.
– Glucose exists as a __chain & a __. The __form is predominant.

Answer 3

C6H12O6

CO2
H20

straight chain
ring

ring

Question 4

Hexoses (__) include the following __: glucose, fructose, mannose, & galactose.

Answer 4

six-carbon sugars

structural isomers

Question 5

Two examples of pentoses (__) are __ & __, found in __.

Answer 5

five carbon sugars

ribose

deoxyribose

nucleic acids

Question 6

Glycosidic linkages are created by __through__ involving __ [-OH].

Answer 6

enzymes

dehydration synthesis

2 hydroxyl groups [-OH].

Question 7

Oligosaccharides contain more than __ monosaccharides.
* Many proteins found on the outer surface of cells have oligosaccharides attached to the __ of certain __ or to __.
* The human ABO blood types owe their specificity to oligosaccharide chains.

Answer 7

two
R group

amino acids

lipids

Question 8

Polysaccharides are giant chains of
monosaccharides
* __ is a polysaccharide of glucose, storage molecule in plants
* Glycogen, is a highly __ polysaccharide of glucose in animals
* Cellulose is a giant polymer of glucose – __in plants

Answer 8

starch

branched

structural polymer

Question 9

Starches vary in branching. Some plant starch, such as amylose, is unbranched. Others, such as amylopectin, are branched.

Question 10

Lipids: diverse biological molecules that are __ in water.

Lipids involved in:
* __ storage (fats & oils),
* __ (phospholipids),
* capture of __ energy (carotenoids),
* hormones & vitamins (steroids & modified fatty acids),
* __ insulation,
* __ insulation of nerves, &
* water __ (waxes and oils).

Answer 10

insoluble

energy

cell membranes

light

hormones & vitamins

thermal

electrical

repellency

Question 11

Carbohydrates are carbon molecules with hydrogen and hydroxyl groups.

• They act as __ & __ molecules.
• They also serve as __ units.
• The general formula for a carbohydrate monomer is multiples of __, maintaining a ratio of 1 __to 2 __to 1 __.

Answer 11

energy storage

transport

structural

CH20

carbon

hydrogens

oxygen

Question 12

Lipids: diverse biological molecules that are insoluble in water.

Lipids involved in:
* energy storage (__& __),
* cell membranes (__),
* capture of light energy (__),
* hormones & vitamins (__& modified __),
* thermal insulation,
* electrical insulation of nerves, &
* water repellency (__ and __).

Answer 12

fats
oils

phospholipids
carotenoids
steroids
fatty acids

waxes

oils

Question 13

Fats & oils are __, composed of __ molecules and __molecule.

• Fats are triglycerides that are __
  and ___ at room temperature respectively.

Answer 13

triglycerides

three fatty acid

one gylcerol

solid

liquid

Question 14

Glycerol (or glycerin) is a __
molecule with __ groups.
* Fatty acids are ___ with a —__at one end.

Answer 14

3-carbon

3 hydroxyl (–OH)

long chain hydrocarbons

–COOH (carboxyl)

Question 15

Lipids: diverse biological molecules’ insoluble in water. The roles of lipids include:
* energy storage (__),
* cell membranes (__),
* capture of light energy (__),
* hormones & vitamins (__& __),
* thermal insulation,
* electrical insulation of nerves, &
* water repellency (__).

Answer 15

fats & oils

phospholipids

carotenoids

steroids

modified fatty acids

waxes and oils

Question 16

In saturated Fatty acids, the C chain has only __. Saturated FA’s are __, straight, __ & are solid or semisolid at room temperature.
(Ex. Animal fats)
* Unsaturated Fatty acids, have at least one __ in the hydrocarbon.
– The double bonds in unsaturated FA’s cause rigid
kinks that prevent easy packing. As a result, unsaturated FA’s are liquid at room temperature.

Some FA’s have more than one double bond; they
are ___.

Answer 16

single bonds

rigid

pack tightly

double-bonded C

polyunsaturated

Question 17

Phospholipids have __ & a ___containing compound
attached to the __.

As a result, phospholipids orient so that the phosphate group faces water & the tail faces
away from water. In aqueous environments, these lipids form bilayers. Cell membranes are structured this way

Answer 17

two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

hydrophilic (negatively charged) phosphate

glycerol

Question 18

Other classes of lipids are not based on a glycerol-fatty acid structure. They are made up of
__ & __ and are __.

• __: light-absorbing pigments found in plants & animals.
• __function as hormones, chemical signals within the body. Organic compounds with a series of __ that comes from cholesterol either made in the body or absorbed from food.
• Vitamins—small molecules not synthesized by the
  body—must acquire in diet. Vitamins A, D, E & K are
  lipids
• Waxes—highly nonpolar molecules composed of Fatty
  acids and an alcohol

Answer 18

carbon

hydrogen

nonpolar

Carotenoids

Steroids

fused rings

Question 19

Other classes of lipids are not based on
a glycerol-fatty acid structure. They are made up of
Carbon & Hydrogen and are nonpolar.
* Carotenoids are light-absorbing pigments found in
plants & animals.
* Steroids function as hormones, chemical signals
within the body. Organic compounds with a series of
fused rings that comes from cholesterol either made
in the body or absorbed from food.
* ___—small molecules not synthesized by the
body—must acquire in diet. Vitamins A, D, E & K are
lipids
* ___—highly nonpolar molecules composed of Fatty
acids and an alcohol

Answer 19

Vitamins

Waxes