bio 101 Flashcards
Most organisms:
composed of a common set of ___: mainly ___, ___, ___, and ___;
made up of ____;
use molecules obtained from the environment to ___ ___ biological molecules;
extract energy from the environment and use it to do work;
contain genetic information—genomes—that enables them to ___, maintain themselves, ___, and reproduce;
use a ____ to build proteins from their genomic information;
regulate their ____;
exist in populations that evolve over time.
chemical compounds
carbohydrates
fatty acids
nucleic acids
amino acids
cells
synthesize new
develop
function
universal molecular code
internal environments
Among life, similarities in ___, cell ___ and ___, and ___ codes; leads to the conclusion that life has a common ancestry.
All evidence points to a common origin of life on our planet about 4 billion years ago.
chemical composition
structure
functions
genetic
Because organisms do not all survive and reproduce with equal success, you will see again and again that through ___ and ___ populations of organisms evolve and become adapted to Earth’s many environments.
differential survival
reproduction
Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution: the generation of complex molecules through random ___ of chemicals.
Critical for evolution, ___—molecules that could __ themselves and serve as ___ for the ___ of __, large molecules with complex but ___ shapes.
physical association
nucelic acids
reproduce
templates
synthesis
proteins
stable
nucleic acid: ___ made up of ___, specialized for the storage, transmission, and ____ of genetic information. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
protein: ___of ___ with ___ different common ___.
Occurs with its polymer chain extended in ___, or ___ into a compact macromolecule in ___ and other globular proteins. The component amino acids are encoded in the triplets of messenger RNA, and proteins are the products of ____.
polymer
nucleoides
expression
long-chain polymer
amino acids
twenty
side chains
fibrous proteins
coiled
enzymes
genes
Important in the evolution of life: the enclosure of complex proteins and other biological molecules by membranes that contained them in a ____ environment.
___critical to membrane evolution because they do not ___ in water.
Fatty acids can form membranous films on the surface of water. When these films are agitated, they can form spherical structures (___).
In a primordial ocean, such membranous structures could have enveloped assemblages of complex biological molecules.
The origin of an internal environment that ___ ___ and ___ of chemical reactions led to the first cells with the ability to replicate themselves—the evolution of the first cellular organisms.
compact, internal
Fatty acid molecules
dissolve
membranous films
liposomes
concentrated
reactants
products
liposome: spherical structure contained by a ____ of ___. Can be used to deliver drugs to cells.
membrane
phospholipids
Liposomes are tiny round bubbles (___) and are made out of the same material as a cell membrane; can be filled with drugs and used to deliver drugs to cells.
Prokaryotes are ___ with genetic and biochemical material enclosed inside a single ___.
Multiple ___ within the cell-enclosing outer membrane segregate the different ____of eukaryotic cells.
vessicles
membranes
unicellular organisms
membrane
membranes
biochemical processes
Prokaryotes: Unicellular organisms; do not have ___ or other _____. Includes Bacteria and Archaea.
nucleus: centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a ___ and contains the ___.
nuclei
membrane bound organelles
double membrane
chromosomes
How might eukaryotes have arisen from prokaryotes?
- ___ of prokaryote cell membrane formed internal compartments—the ___—that ___ cell functions from each other, resulting in greater integration or efficiency of cell functions.
- close, interdependent relationships developed between different prokaryote cells, leading to a merger. Suppose a prokaryote good at converting energy was engulfed (but not digested) by a prokaryote good at synthesizing biological molecules. Each would supply a valuable service for the other, but now one would be an organelle inside the other.
Single-celled organisms were the only forms of life for over half of the history of life on Earth.
At some point, the cells of some eukaryotes didn’t separate after cell division, instead they remained ___; such ___ made possible for some of the associated cells to specialize in certain functions, such as reproduction.
This cellular specialization enabled multicellular eukaryotes to increase in size and become more efficient at gathering resources and adapting to specific environments.
infolding
organelles
isolated
attached
colonial aggregations
cellular specialization: (in multicellular organisms) the division of labor such that different cell types become responsible for ____ (e.g., reproduction or digestion) within the organism.
different functions
metabolism: ___ of the ___ occuring in an organism, or some ___ of that total (as in respiratory metabolism).
photosynthesis: __ carried out by green plants and some microorganisms by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to ___ compounds such as ___ and ___.
Photosynthesis transforms the energy of sunlight into chemical energy that can be used to do work such as the synthesis of large molecules.
sum total
chemical reactions
subset
metabolic processes
synthesize
ATP
glucose
Over time, photosynthetic prokaryotes so abounded that ____, a by-product of photosynthesis, began to accumulate in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric O2 opened up vast new avenues of evolution because ___—a biochemical process that uses ___ to extract energy from ___—is far more efficient than ____ metabolism (which eschews O2).
The atmospheric accumulation of photosynthetically generated O2 gradually produced a thick layer of ____in the upper atmosphere. By about 500 million years ago, the ozone layer was sufficiently dense and absorbed enough of the sun’s UV radiation to make it possible for organisms to leave the protection of the water and live on land.
oxygen gas (O2)
aerobic metabolism
O2
nutrient molecules
anaerobic
ozone (O3)
the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, is the genetic information that specifies what an organism will look like and how it will function. This “blueprint” for the existence of each individual organism is contained in the sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of the organism’s cells—its genome. DNA molecules are long sequences of four different subunits called nucleotides. Genes are specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to build proteins. Therefore each gene is defined by a specific sequence of the four nucleotides. The genetic code spells out how sequences of nucleotides are *translated into sequences of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This translation process involves first transcribing some of the DNA information of a gene into the structure of another smaller molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA) (Figure 1.6). RNA serves as the template for synthesis of a protein. Protein molecules govern the chemical reactions within cells and form much of an organism’s structure.
gene: ___ of ___. Used here as the unit of genetic function which carries the information for a polypeptide or RNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): fundamental hereditary material of all organisms.
In eukaryotes, stored primarily in the cell nucleus.
genome: The complete DNA sequence for a particular organism or individual.
nucleotide The basic chemical unit in ___, consisting of a ___, a ___, and a ____.
mutation: change in the genetic material not caused by ___.
unit
heredity
polypetide
nucleic acids
pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen-containing base
recombination
