ppt 3 Flashcards
Woese’s proposed phylogenetic tree, based on rRNA data emphasizes the separation of:
1
2
3
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cells lacking a ___ or ___;
Includes ____ and ____;
____, ___ chromosome;
nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
bacteria
archaea
single
circular
Prokaryote
____ contains the DNA;
Surrounded by ___ & ___;
contains ___ in their cytoplasm to ____.
Nucleoid region
cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
make proteins
Similarities Between Bacteria and Archaea
Generally same shape, size, and appearance;
Like bacteria, archaea multiply by ____ and move primarily by means of ___
Morpholigically similar but archaea are more phylogenetically similar to ___ than ___.
binary fission
flagella
eukarya
bacteria
Difference between bacteria and archaea
Unlike bacteria, archaea cells walls do not contain ____;
Archaea have different ____ bonding from bacteria and eukarya (___)
peptidoglycan
membrance lipid bonding
layers
Bacteria and Archaea- Differences
Genetic Differences: ___ and ___
Archaea have different ____ (No glycolysis, Kreb’s); Many are extremophiles
ribosomes
polymerases
metabolic pathways
Eukaryotes have
___
___
___ with ___
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
organelles
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Composed of ___ and ___
Surrounds outside of ___
Controls what ____ the cell
Contains ____, embedded ____, and ____ chains.
phospholipid bi layer
proteins
all cells
enters or leaves
protein channels
proteins
carbohydrate
Phospholipids
Heads contain ___ and ____ and are ____ (attracted to water).
Tails are made of ___ and are ___ (repelled by water).
Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other.
Can move laterally to allow small molecules (i.e., O2, CO2, H20) to enter the cell
glycerol
phosphate
hydrophilic
fatty acids
hydrophobic
Phospholipids
Heads contain glycerol and phosphate and are hydrophilic (attracted to water).
Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repelled by water).
Made up of a __where tails point inward toward each other.
Can move __to allow small molecules (i.e., __, __, __) to enter the cell
bilayer
inward toward each other
laterally
O2, CO2, H20
Cell Membrane Proteins
Help movie large molecules or aid in cell recognition:
Two basic types
____: attached on surface (inner or outer)
___: embedded in the membrane
Peripheral
Integral
Cell Membrane Proteins
Help movie large molecules or aid in cell recognition:
Two basic types
Peripheral Proteins:
Integral Proteins:
attached on surface (inner or outer)
embedded in the membrane
Glycoproteins have ____ to act as markers for ___.
carbohydrate tails
cell recognition
Cell Wall
Nonliving layer
Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Made of __ in plants, ___ in bacteria, and ___ in fungi
cellulose
peptidoglycan
chitin
Cytoplasm of a cell
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a ___ for ____ to take place
Contains ___, which carry out specific jobs
Found in all cells
medium
chemical reactions
organelles
Nucleus
Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contains the ___ in ___
Bounded by the ____ ( membrane with ___)
Usually the largest organelle
DNA
chromosomes
nuclear envelope
pores
Nuclear Envelope
____ surrounding the nucleus
Connected to the ____
Double membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Inside ___;
Cell may have __ to __ nucleoili;
Disappears when cell divides
Makes ___ that make ___
nucleus
one
three
ribosomes
proteins
Cytoplasm
Helps cell maintain ____;
Also help move ____ around;
Made of ___;
_____ are threadlike and made of ACTIN
___ are tubelike & made of TUBULIN
cell shape
organelles
proteins
microfilaments
microtubules
Centrioles
Made of bundles of ____;
During cell division organize the ___; and
Help to pull ___ apart to ___ of the cell.
microtubules
mitotic spindle
chromosome pairs
opposite ends
Mitochondria
Surrounded by a ___ and has its own ___
Folder inner membrance folds = ____(increases surface area for more chemical reaction)
Interior called ___
diouble membrane
DNA
CRISTAE
matrix
Mitochondria
Surrounded by double membrane, has its own DNA
Cristae= ____, which increase ____
interior called matrix
Mitochondria come from cytoplasm in egg cell during fertilization; therefore, you normally only inherit it from other
folded inner membrane
surface area for more chemical reactions
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Network of ____
Connects to __ and ___
Functions in ___ of ____ and ___
hollow membrane tubules
nuclear envelope
cell membrane
synthesis
cell products
transport
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Proteins are made by ___ on ___.
They are then ___ into the ___ to be ___ and ___.
ribosomes
ER surface
threaded
interior
modified
transported
Functions of the Smooth ER
Makes ___
Regulates ___
Destroys ___
membrane lipids (steroids)
calcium (muscle cells)
toxic substances (liver)
Endomembrane system
Includes ___ connected to ___ connected to ___ (transport)
nuclear membrane
ER
cell membrane
Ribosomes
Made of __ and ___
Protein factories for cell
Join __ to make ___
Process called ___ or ___
proteins
rRNA
amino acids
proteins
protein synthesis
translation
Golgi Bodies
Stacks of ___
Have a ___ side (___) and a ___ side (___)
Receive proteins made by __
Transport ___ with modified ___ pinch off ___(__)
flattened sacs
receiving
cis face
shipping side
trans face
ER
vesicles
proteins
ends (export)
Lysosomes
Contain ___;
Break down food, ___, and ___
Programmed for ___
__ and release ___ to ___ and ___.
digestive enzymes
bacteria
worn-out cell parts
cell-death (apoptosis)
Lyse
enzymes
break down
recycle cell parts
Cilia and Flagella
Made of ___ called ___, which are arranged (__+__)
Function in moving __, in moving ___, or in small particles across the ___.
protein tubes
microtubles
9 + 2
cells
fluids
cell surface
Cilia and Flagella
___ are shorter and more numerous on cells; ___ are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
Vacuoles
___ for storage
Small in animal cells; plants have a ___ vacuole;
no vacuoles in most bacterial cells
fluid filled sacks
large, central
Chloroplasts
Found “only” in ___, organisms containing ___;
Use energy from sunlight to make ___;
Energy from the sun stored in the chemical bonds of ___
producers
chlorophyll
glucose
sugars
Chloroplasts
Surrounded by ___
___ is smooth
___ is modified into sacs called ___. stacks of which are called ___.
Stroma- ____material surrounding ___,
double membrane
outer membrane
thylakoids
grana
gel like
thylakoids
