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Immunology Block 1 > Ppt 2 the innate immunity > Flashcards

Ppt 2 the innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What do Natural Killer cells secrete?

A

Interferon gamma (IFN-y)

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2
Q

What does IFN-y (interferon gamma) do?

A

Activates Macrophages

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3
Q

What does IL-1 do?

A

IL-1 will recruit neutrophils and induce inflammation

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4
Q

What 2 cells are responsible for starting inflammation?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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5
Q

What is the PAMP’s of the Innate immunity? How are they?

A

it is defining how theinnate immuny has all receptors that are the same

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6
Q

How are the PAMP’s of the Adaptive immune system?

A

they are specific for each antigen

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7
Q

Where are the PRR’s of the innate immune system made?

A

in the germline

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8
Q

Where are the PRR’s of the adaptive immune system made?

A

by genes

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9
Q

how do the PRR’s of the adaptive immune system achieve diversity in order to recognize different antigens?

A

through somatic recombination

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10
Q

Are all the PRR’s of the innate immunity the same? (are they clonal or non-clonal?)

A

yes they are non-clonal

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11
Q

Are all the receptors the same for the adaptive immune system?

A

no; they are clonal

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12
Q

How do phagocytes recognize bacteria to phagocytose?

A

they have receptors for:- bacterial endotoxins in gram negative bacteria- bacterial terminal mannose residues

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13
Q

how do phagocytes recognize viruses?

A

receptors for double stranded RNA

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14
Q

who will respond to unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides?

A

phagocytes

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15
Q

will the innate immunity vary from microbe to microbe?

A

no, it always responds the same way

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16
Q

will the adaptive response vary?

A

yes, it has a receptor for each type of microbe

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17
Q

What receptors does the innate immunity have on its surface?

A

toll like receptors

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18
Q

what receptors does the innate immunity have on its cytoplasm?

A

viral RNA and bacterial peptide

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19
Q

What signaling pathway do toll-like receptors activate?

A

NF-KB

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20
Q

Activation of NF-KB by toll-like receptors will cause what?

A

expression of:- cytokines- endothelial adhesion molecules- IRF-3

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21
Q

What does IRF-3 do?

A

activates release of Type 1 Interferons (INF alpha/beta) to stop viral replication

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22
Q

What does the epithelium do in the innate immunity?

A

it acts as a barrierhas anti-microbial substanceshas intra-epithelial lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the “Carpet-Wormhole model of action of Defensins”?

A

you use defensins that introduce into the microbial membrane, changing its conformation and leading to formation of pores that cause rupture.

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24
Q

What 2 chains do intra-epithelial lymphocytes express?what are these similar to?

A

y (gamma) and deltathe t cell receptor: alpha and beta

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25
Q

What are the most abundant phagocytesfound insites of inflammation and are recruited through the blood?

A

1) Neutrophils2) Monocytes

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26
Q

What is the most abundant blood leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

What stimulates the production of neutrophils? Where do they get made?

A

CSF cytokine (Colony Stimulating Factor) and stimulates their production in the Bone Marrow

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28
Q

what is the first cell to respond to any infection?

A

neutrophils

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29
Q

what is another name for neutrophil?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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30
Q

what do neutrophilsdo to microbes?

A

they phagocytose them and enter the extra-vascular tissue

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31
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

they ingest microbes

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32
Q

mononuclear phagocytesthat are in the blood are called?

A

monocytes

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33
Q

mononuclear phagocytes in the tissues are called?

A

macrophages

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34
Q

when you have accumulation of leukocytes in a site and there is vascular dilation and leakage of proteins, what is this called?

A

inflammation

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35
Q

how do neutrophils and monocytes reach the site of infection?

A

by binding to endothelial adhesion molecules

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36
Q

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency? (LAD)

A

can’t express adhesion molecules (integrins and selectins)and leukocytes can’t enter sites of infection.

37
Q

what is a selectin?

A

adhesion molecule that integrates extrinsic signals to the cytoskeleton

38
Q

what is PECAM-1?

A

needed for leukocytes to enter through the endothelial cells

39
Q

What is the sequence of events in the migration of blood leukocytes to the site of infection?

A
  • macrophages and dendritic cells encounter antigen and produce IL-1 and TNF causing inflamation as well as chemokines
  • IL-1 and TNF make the endothelial cells express selectins and integrins
  • Neutrophils and monocytes adhere to these selectins
  • once they cross they get activated by the cytokines
40
Q

Selectins cause cells to…

A

roll and adhere weakly

41
Q

Integrins cause cells to…

A

adhere firmly

42
Q

What is an example of a endothelial selectin?

A

e-selectin

43
Q

What receptors can we find in neutrophils and macrophages? whith what signal does this receptor work at the same time?

A

toll-like receptors which works with IFN-y

44
Q

INF-y and toll-like receptors will activate who?

A

macrophages

45
Q

What are the 5 typesphagocyte receptors?

A

1) Antibodies for receptor2) Toll-like receptors3) phagocyte activating receptors4) Phagocytosis receptor5) Product of complement activation receptor

46
Q

what do toll-like receptors do?

A

allowmacrophages and neutrophils to recognize microbes in blood and tissues

47
Q

what are two receptors involved in activating phagocytes?

A
  • toll-like receptors
  • N-formyl methionine
  • receptors for cytokines (especially for INF-y)
48
Q

What are the 2 receptors on phagocytes that get activated for phagocytosis to occur?

A
  • mannose receptor

* scavenger

49
Q

What is a receptor on phagocytes that is for binding complement products of complement?

A

CR1 receptor

50
Q

What is a receptor on phagocytes used to bind antibodies?

A

Fc receptor

51
Q

What happens to a microbe that is coated with C3B?

A

a phagocyte will ingest it

52
Q

what is opsonization?

A

coating a microbe so that a phagocyte will ingest it

53
Q

How are microbes killed after being ingested by the phagocyte?

A

they are put on a phagosome that will fuse with a lysosome. Inside the lysosome it will eventually get killed by using toxic substances

54
Q

What 3 substances can be used to kill a ingested microbe inside a phagolysosome?

A
  • NADPH oxidase–> reactive oxygen
  • iNOS–>use arginine to make nitrogen
  • Lysosomal Proteases
55
Q

What cells do Natural Killers recognize? what happens to these cells?

A

stressed out cellsinfected cells- These get killed

56
Q

how do NK cells help out macrophages?

A

by secreting IFN-y that activates macrophages

57
Q

What do NK cells have in their cytoplasm?

A

they contain toxic granules that will induce apoptosis to their target

58
Q

What cytokine causes natural killer cells to secreteIFN-y?

A

IL-12

59
Q

who secretes IL-12?

A

macrophages

60
Q

once a natural killer cell secretes IFN-y in response to IL-12, the macrophage gets activated..what will the activated macrophage do?

A

it will kill the microbe

61
Q

What do Natural killer cells lack in their surface?

A

receptors

62
Q

what keeps NK cell from killing healthy cell expressing normal amounts of MHC 1?

A

normal cells expressing ITIM’s

63
Q

When will NK cells attack a host cell? (what needs to be expressed and what has to change?)

A

when the infected cell lowers the expression of MHC 1 and the inhibitory receptro is not being engaged –> ITAM’s will be expressed

64
Q

What receptor for antibodies will cause Natural Killer cells to attack a cell?What antibody must be present?

A

FcyRIIIAIgG

65
Q

When NK cells recognize a microbe coated with IgG and the FcyRIIIA receptor is engaged to kill the microbe, What is this mechanism called?

A

ADCC

66
Q

MHC 1 is expressed in what cells?

A

all nucleated cells

67
Q

All complement pathways lead to the production of what?

A

C3b

68
Q

Is C3b part of the early or late component of complement?

A

early

69
Q

What does C3b do?

A

initiate the late component of complement

70
Q

how does the late component of complement end?

A

with formation of C9 and the production of a MAC complex which creates pores in the membrane of microbes

71
Q

What 2 pathways of complement are used by the innate immunity?

A

Alternate pathwayMannose binding lectin pathway

72
Q

what pathway of complement is used by the adaptive immune system?

A

the classical pathway

73
Q

What is an example of an ITIM?

A

KIR receptor which binds to HLA-B and HLA-C

74
Q

how is the alternative pathway engaged?

A

by directly binding to microbe

75
Q

how is the classical pathway of complement engaged?

A

by binding a microbe with antibodies (IgG)

76
Q

how is the mannose binding lecting pathway of complement engaged?

A

by using mannose binding lectin binding it to microbe

77
Q

what does C3a do?

A

induces inflammation

78
Q

What is the most powerful anaphylotoxin?

A

C5a

79
Q

What are the 3 cytokines essential for the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to a site of infection?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • chemokines
80
Q

what does high concentration of TNF do?

A

promote thrombus formation and lower BP

81
Q

what is septic shock?

A

when bacteria propagate throughout the whole body causing low BP, metabolic problems and clot formation inside blood vessels

82
Q

What is C-reactive protein?

A

enhances the activation of the alternative pathway of complementcoats microbes in order for the to be ingested

83
Q

what is the acute phase response?

A

it is when we get infected, there is increase in mannose binding lectin, c-reactive protein and surfactant protein as a protective response

84
Q

3 ways bacteria can evade the innate immunity:

A
  • resistance to phagocytosis
  • resistance to reactive oxygen species
  • resistance to complement
85
Q

In order to activate T/B cells from the innate immunity what 2 signals must be given?

A
  • signal 1 = the antigen

* signal 2 = costimulator

86
Q

what is an example of a costimulator signal? what is its receptor on T cells?

A

signal = B7receptor = CD28

87
Q

What 2 things will a macrophage secrete to activate a T cell?

A

1) IL-122) B7

88
Q

when complement gets activated by microbes, what is made that gets stuck to the microbe?

A

C3d

89
Q

What cellrecognizes C3d stuck to a microbes surface? What is its receptor?What will it cause?

A

B cells using CR2, leads to B cell activation

Immunology Block 1 (5 decks)

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