PPS Sociology

Question 1

What is disability?

Answer 1

A physical/mental impairment that has a ‘substantial’ and ‘long-term’ negative effect on one’s ability to do daily activities.

A limitation of opportunities to take part in society due to social and environmental barriers

Question 2

Why do we have definitions of disability?

Answer 2

To discover how many disabled people there are
To identify what services are needed and allocate resources
To develop knowledge and policy in relation to disability
To affirm individual and collective identity of disabled ppl

Question 3

Is disability variable?

Answer 3

There’s variability of disability for different groups.
Impairment and disability constantly change.
People with disabilities also may experience a narrower margin of health, bc of poverty, social exclusion, and vulnerability to secondary conditions.

Question 4

Give the models of health and disability.

Answer 4

Biomedical / Medical model
Social model
Biopsychosocial model (aka human rights model)
Affirmative model

Question 5

Outline the basis of the medical/biomedical model

Answer 5

• Focus on diagnosing diseases, discovering causes, designing treatments
• Aims at fixing symptoms
• Solutions medical or technical
• Health professional is the expert with advice, treatment and ‘cure’
• Hierarchy, clinician-centred interactions
• Individual defined by the diagnosis
• What the individual can’t do versus can do

Question 6

Outline the basis of the social model

Answer 6

Developed by disabled ppl to take action against discrimination
Campaigns for better access, inclusion and equality
Emphasises that chronic illness/disability affects more than just the physical body
Individuals with disability understand more than those without disability.

Question 7

Outline the basis of the Biopsychosocial model (George Engel)

Answer 7

Recognises concerns of the social model
Encourages holistic understanding of complex health experiences, which is clinically significant.
Acknowledges psychological and social factors of disease and injury
Accepts each person experiences disease uniquely
Encourages a person-centred approach – expertise of health professional and patient shared

Question 8

What aspects of the biopsychosocial model are clinically important?

Answer 8

Empathy
Effective communication
Active listening
Facilitating responses
Person-centred approach.
Awareness of professional and personal biases.

Question 9

Outline the 4 principles approach to medical cases

Answer 9

Autonomy–respecting decision-making capacities; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices(TRUTH/CONSENT/CONFIDENTIALITY)

Beneficence considers benefits of treatment against risks and costs; HCP should act in a way that benefits the patient

Non-maleficence–avoiding harm; the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. Harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment

Justice–distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly; patients in similar positions should be treated similarly

Question 10

outline the four quadrants approach to medical cases

Answer 10

Medical indications: review the medical situation, identify treatment options, and determine how the patient can be benefited, if at all, by treatment.
Patient preferences: focuses on the wishes of the patient if competent, and his presumed wishes if not
Quality of life
Contextual features: eg economic, religious/cultural factors, confidentiality issues etc

Question 11

Briefly explain the ethical grid

Answer 11

.

Question 12

Structured Case Analysis Model?

Answer 12

Summarise the case
State the moral dilemma(s) and the assumptions made
Analyse the case w ref to ethical principles, ​consequences, the law and the virtuous healthcare practitioner
Identify justifiable and unjustifiable ethical solutions
State preferred approach with explanation

Question 13

Outline the four main functions of the GMC

Answer 13

Under the Medical Act 1983 the GMC has four main functions:
Keeping up-to-date registers of qualified doctors
Fostering good medical practice
Promoting high standards of medical education & training
Dealing firmly and fairly with doctors whose fitness to practise is in doubt.

Question 14

what is the difference between civil and criminal law?

Answer 14

Civil is in orange

Question 15

What is the difference between statute and common law?

Answer 15

Common is in blue

Question 16

State the definition for lay health beliefs.

Answer 16

“beliefs which the lay public hold to account for their material, social and bodily circumstances. Based on information passed on from word-of-mouth, general knowledge, professionals and other areas (Stacey, 1988)

Question 17

What is health as a functional capacity?

Answer 17

One of the sociological conceptualisations of lay health beliefs:

1) Health as functional capacity: the notion of ‘health as the absence of disease’ as well as ‘health despite disease’
- The ability to fulfil social and work roles as main criterion of healthiness

Question 18

What is disease candidacy?

Answer 18

One of the sociological conceptualisations of lay health beliefs:

• Disease candidacy is used in lay explanations of relative risk and efficacy of preventive health behaviours
  ((explain how certain behaviors can affect the chances of getting a disease and how effective preventive measures can be in reducing that risk.))
• Its constructed from appearance of a person or the circumstances surrounding an event i.e. onset of illness

Question 19

What is Zola’s model?

Answer 19

Zola (1973) found responses to symptoms were based on cultural values & beliefs concerning health. The decision to seek professional medical help was either promoted or delayed by social factors.
The model identifies 5 types of incident which causes seeking medical care. The model emphasises the importance of the ‘lay referral system’