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Biochem Exam 2 > PPP > Flashcards

PPP Flashcards

1
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway produces what

A

ribose and NADPH

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2
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway starts with what

A

Glucose 6-P

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3
Q

ribose is needed for what

A

DNA, RNA

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4
Q

what are the four things NADPH is important for (fantastic four)

A

reductive biosynthesis, detoxification, respiratory bursts and antioxidant regeneration

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5
Q

what is the main enzyme of PPP

A

glucose 6 phosphate DH

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6
Q

what is the location of the PPP

A

cytosol

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7
Q

how many ATP’s are produced?

A

none

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8
Q

how many ATP’s are consumed?

A

none

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9
Q

what is ribose 5-P used for

A

nucleic acids, ATP, CoA, NAD, FAD

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10
Q

what is NADPH used for

A

reductive biosynthesis, free radical elimination, detoxification, and respiratory bursts (fantastic 4)

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11
Q

what is glyceraldehyde 3-P used for

A

glycolysis

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12
Q

what is fructose 6-P used for

A

glycolysis

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13
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

purine or pyrimidine

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14
Q

what are the purines

A

guanine and adenine for both DNA and RNA

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15
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine for DNA, uracil and cytosine for RNA

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16
Q

what is a nucleoside made of

A

base + sugar

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17
Q

what is a nucleotide made of

A

base + sugar + phosphate

18
Q

anything that consumes _______ stimulates the PPP

A

ribose

19
Q

G6P –> 6PG

A

G 6-P DH

20
Q

6-PG –> ribulose 5-P

A

6-phosphogluconate DH

21
Q

PPP is linked to what

A

glycolysis

22
Q

explain reductive biosynthesis

A

building things by adding electrons (fat, cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts)

23
Q

explain detoxification

A

making toxins more water soluble for excretion by adding electrons (from NADPH) toxins are then excreted in the urine. This process uses the livers P450 monooxygenase system

24
Q

explain respiratory burst

A

creating “harsh chemistry” to kill bad guys by using electrons from NADPH. White blood cell takes in more oxygen (hence the name respiratory burst). Oxygen and electrons (from NADPH) make very reactive molecules. The reactive molecules and non-self are sequestered in a vesicle where the bacteria dies

25
Q

What are some reactive species created by the harsh chemistry from respiratory bursts

A

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl

26
Q

explain antioxidant regeneration

A

adding electrons (from NADPH) to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body form free radicals. Reactive molecules are inactivated by antioxidants. The antioxidants need to be given an electron to restore their “reducing power”. NADPH gives the antioxidants electrons

27
Q

what is a free radical

A

atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons making it very reactive

28
Q

what is the difference between reactive species and free radicals

A

reactive species have the potential to oxidize or reduce other compounds, and do not always have to be free radicals

29
Q

what is quenching

A

process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated (usually by antioxidant (or NADPH) giving an electron(s) to the oxidized antioxidant

30
Q

what are the three important enzymes that quench free radicals

A

superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase

31
Q

what does superoxide dismutase quench

A

superoxide

32
Q

what does catalase do

A

quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water

33
Q

what does glutathione peroxidase do

A

quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water

34
Q

where is superoxide dismutase (SOD) found

A

extracellular, cytoplasm, mitochondria

35
Q

what does superoxide dismutase produce

A

hydrogen peroxide

36
Q

where can superoxide be formed

A

within the ETS. Leaking of electrons to oxygen from CoQH in the ETS

37
Q

what increases the effect of making superoxide

A

exercise

38
Q

where is catalase located

A

mostly in cell peroxisomes

39
Q

what cells have a lot of catalase

A

neutrophils

40
Q

where is glutathione peroxidase found

A

cytosol and mitochondria. Most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way

41
Q

what does myeloperoxidase do

A

turns hydrogen peroxide into hypochlorus acid (respiratory burst)

Biochem Exam 2 (6 decks)

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