PPP Flashcards
Pentose Phosphate Pathway produces what
ribose and NADPH
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway starts with what
Glucose 6-P
ribose is needed for what
DNA, RNA
what are the four things NADPH is important for (fantastic four)
reductive biosynthesis, detoxification, respiratory bursts and antioxidant regeneration
what is the main enzyme of PPP
glucose 6 phosphate DH
what is the location of the PPP
cytosol
how many ATP’s are produced?
none
how many ATP’s are consumed?
none
what is ribose 5-P used for
nucleic acids, ATP, CoA, NAD, FAD
what is NADPH used for
reductive biosynthesis, free radical elimination, detoxification, and respiratory bursts (fantastic 4)
what is glyceraldehyde 3-P used for
glycolysis
what is fructose 6-P used for
glycolysis
what are the nitrogenous bases
purine or pyrimidine
what are the purines
guanine and adenine for both DNA and RNA
what are the pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine for DNA, uracil and cytosine for RNA
what is a nucleoside made of
base + sugar
what is a nucleotide made of
base + sugar + phosphate
anything that consumes _______ stimulates the PPP
ribose
G6P –> 6PG
G 6-P DH
6-PG –> ribulose 5-P
6-phosphogluconate DH
PPP is linked to what
glycolysis
explain reductive biosynthesis
building things by adding electrons (fat, cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts)
explain detoxification
making toxins more water soluble for excretion by adding electrons (from NADPH) toxins are then excreted in the urine. This process uses the livers P450 monooxygenase system
explain respiratory burst
creating “harsh chemistry” to kill bad guys by using electrons from NADPH. White blood cell takes in more oxygen (hence the name respiratory burst). Oxygen and electrons (from NADPH) make very reactive molecules. The reactive molecules and non-self are sequestered in a vesicle where the bacteria dies
What are some reactive species created by the harsh chemistry from respiratory bursts
superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl
explain antioxidant regeneration
adding electrons (from NADPH) to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body form free radicals. Reactive molecules are inactivated by antioxidants. The antioxidants need to be given an electron to restore their “reducing power”. NADPH gives the antioxidants electrons
what is a free radical
atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons making it very reactive
what is the difference between reactive species and free radicals
reactive species have the potential to oxidize or reduce other compounds, and do not always have to be free radicals
what is quenching
process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated (usually by antioxidant (or NADPH) giving an electron(s) to the oxidized antioxidant
what are the three important enzymes that quench free radicals
superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase
what does superoxide dismutase quench
superoxide
what does catalase do
quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water
what does glutathione peroxidase do
quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water
where is superoxide dismutase (SOD) found
extracellular, cytoplasm, mitochondria
what does superoxide dismutase produce
hydrogen peroxide
where can superoxide be formed
within the ETS. Leaking of electrons to oxygen from CoQH in the ETS
what increases the effect of making superoxide
exercise
where is catalase located
mostly in cell peroxisomes
what cells have a lot of catalase
neutrophils
where is glutathione peroxidase found
cytosol and mitochondria. Most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way
what does myeloperoxidase do
turns hydrogen peroxide into hypochlorus acid (respiratory burst)
