PPP Flashcards
What symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the DLPFC?
perseverative responses, concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning, disinterest and apathy
what symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the OFC?
poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive and antisocial behaviors (Acquired sociopathy), distractibility, affective lability
what symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the VMPFC?
impaired decision-making and moral judgment, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition (impaired emotion recognition, reduced empathy), confabulation, blunted emotional response
What is anosognosia?
caused by damage to parietal lobe, involves denial or lack of awareness of one’s disabilities
what is prosopagnosia?
caused by bilateral lesions in occipitotemporal junction and involves inability to recognize familiar faces
What are symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?
impaired repetition, anomia, impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
What are symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?
impaired repetition, anomia, impaired comprehension of written and spoken language
also called receptive or fluent aphasia
How will damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere affect emotion
-dominant hemisphere is responsible for positive emotions so damage will result in a “catastrophic” reaction
-non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for negative emotions and damage to this area will result in an “indifferent” reaction
What are the 3 types of appraisal in Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory of emotion?
primary arousal-determining if an event is irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.
secondary arousal- considering what coping options are available to deal with a stressful event.
reappraisal- monitoring situation, change primary/secondary appraisal as appropriate
*physiological arousal follow cognitive appraisal, the appraisal is about the event, and emotional reactions between ppl differ because of differences in appraisal
Explain James-Lange Theory of emotion
stimulus causes physical arousal which in turn we perceive as an emotion
physiological arousal -> emotion
facial feedback hypothesis- if we smile we will feel happy
Explain Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotion occur together when a stimulus causes the thalamus to signal the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system at the same time
believes all emotions involve similar physiological arousal (unlike james-lange theory which believe unique physiological arousal for each emotion)
Explain Schacter-Singers Two-factor theory
also known as cognitive arousal theory
-experience of emotion is result of physiological arousal followed by an attribution (cognitive label) of that arousal
-believes physiological arousal is same for all emotions but the difference in our experience of the emotion is due to differences in attribution of the arousal which is based on external cues
-misattrbituion of arousal- mislabeling arousal when cause is unknown
-excitation transfer theory- physiological arousal decays slowly, then can intensify arousal caused by a later event, people have poor insight into causes of physio arousal and then misattribute their arousal to the unrelated second event
LeDoux Two-system theory of emotion
-focuses on fear, fear consists of 2 separate interacting systems:
1. subcortical system-survival system, reacts quickly and auto to sensory info about a threatening stimulus with physiological and defensive behavioral responses
- cortical system- conscious emotional system, processes info from the senses and subcortical system, and episodic and semantic memory using cognitive processes, to generate conscious feeling of fear when determines the stimulus is threatening
Papez circuit of brain regions originally proposed to be involved in emotions
hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus, cingulate gyrus
later research has shown this circuit more involved in memory than emotion
describe allostatic load model
allostasis- processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change (elevated blood pressure and cortisol levels)
allostatic state- can be maintained for limited time without damage
allostatic overload- occurs with repeated or chronic stress- adverse effects on physical and psychological health
these processes differ from person to person as a result of differences in genetics, resilience, perception of controllability of stressor
Drugs to slow progression of alzheimer’s by delaying breakdown of acetylcholine
donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine
-memantine also slows progression of AD but does so by regulating glutamate activity
drugs for treating AUD
acamprosate, naltrexone, disulfiram
-disulfiram (antabuse) makes you feel sick when you drink
-naltrexone reduces pleasurable effects of alcohol and craving
-acamprosate just reduces craving
-topiramate is anti-seizure med used off label to reduce craving and pleasurable effects of alcohol
What are the different types of stroke?
ischemic stroke- due to a blockage, either:
1.thrombotic stroke- blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain
- embolic stroke- blockage developed in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveled through the bloodstream to the brain
hemorrhagic stroke - due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery
1. intracerebral hemorrhage- within the brain
2. subarachnoid hemorrhage- in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain
Deficits of what neurons and where are associated with Parkinson’s?
loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra is related to the motor symptoms
loss of norepinephrine neurons in the locus coeruleus (located in the brain stem and produces much of the brain’s norepinephrine) has been linked to several of the non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease including depression, cognitive deficits, and sleep disturbances.
What is a generalized onset non-motor seizure
also known as absence or petit mal seizures-very brief loss of consciousness with a blank or absent stare and few or no other symptoms
(generalized onset means affects both hemispheres)
What is a generalized onset motor seizure?
also known as tonic clonic or grand mal seizures. cause change in consciousness and include a tonic phase of stiffening of muscles then a clonic phase of jerky rhythmic movements
(generalized onset means affects both hemispheres)
What are the 2 types of focal onset seizures?
focal onset seizures begin in one localized area in one cerebral hemisphere and affect one side of the body
focal onset aware seizures (aka simple partial seizures) do not affect consciousness
focal onset impaired awareness seizures (aka complex partial seizures) cause a change in conscious awareness and may begin with an aura
symptoms depend on the location
