PPP

Question 1

What symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the DLPFC?

Answer 1

perseverative responses, concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning, disinterest and apathy

Question 2

what symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the OFC?

Answer 2

poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive and antisocial behaviors (Acquired sociopathy), distractibility, affective lability

Question 3

what symptoms are most likely with a lesion to the VMPFC?

Answer 3

impaired decision-making and moral judgment, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition (impaired emotion recognition, reduced empathy), confabulation, blunted emotional response

Question 4

What is anosognosia?

Answer 4

caused by damage to parietal lobe, involves denial or lack of awareness of one’s disabilities

Question 5

what is prosopagnosia?

Answer 5

caused by bilateral lesions in occipitotemporal junction and involves inability to recognize familiar faces

Question 6

What are symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 6

impaired repetition, anomia, impaired comprehension of written and spoken language

Question 7

What are symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 7

impaired repetition, anomia, impaired comprehension of written and spoken language

also called receptive or fluent aphasia

Question 8

How will damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere affect emotion

Answer 8

-dominant hemisphere is responsible for positive emotions so damage will result in a “catastrophic” reaction

-non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for negative emotions and damage to this area will result in an “indifferent” reaction

Question 9

What are the 3 types of appraisal in Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory of emotion?

Answer 9

primary arousal-determining if an event is irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

secondary arousal- considering what coping options are available to deal with a stressful event.

reappraisal- monitoring situation, change primary/secondary appraisal as appropriate

*physiological arousal follow cognitive appraisal, the appraisal is about the event, and emotional reactions between ppl differ because of differences in appraisal

Question 10

Explain James-Lange Theory of emotion

Answer 10

stimulus causes physical arousal which in turn we perceive as an emotion

physiological arousal -> emotion

facial feedback hypothesis- if we smile we will feel happy

Question 11

Explain Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 11

physiological arousal and emotion occur together when a stimulus causes the thalamus to signal the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system at the same time

believes all emotions involve similar physiological arousal (unlike james-lange theory which believe unique physiological arousal for each emotion)

Question 12

Explain Schacter-Singers Two-factor theory

Answer 12

also known as cognitive arousal theory

-experience of emotion is result of physiological arousal followed by an attribution (cognitive label) of that arousal

-believes physiological arousal is same for all emotions but the difference in our experience of the emotion is due to differences in attribution of the arousal which is based on external cues

-misattrbituion of arousal- mislabeling arousal when cause is unknown

-excitation transfer theory- physiological arousal decays slowly, then can intensify arousal caused by a later event, people have poor insight into causes of physio arousal and then misattribute their arousal to the unrelated second event

Question 13

LeDoux Two-system theory of emotion

Answer 13

-focuses on fear, fear consists of 2 separate interacting systems:
1. subcortical system-survival system, reacts quickly and auto to sensory info about a threatening stimulus with physiological and defensive behavioral responses

2. cortical system- conscious emotional system, processes info from the senses and subcortical system, and episodic and semantic memory using cognitive processes, to generate conscious feeling of fear when determines the stimulus is threatening

Question 14

Papez circuit of brain regions originally proposed to be involved in emotions

Answer 14

hippocampus, mammillary bodies, thalamus, cingulate gyrus

later research has shown this circuit more involved in memory than emotion

Question 15

describe allostatic load model

Answer 15

allostasis- processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change (elevated blood pressure and cortisol levels)

allostatic state- can be maintained for limited time without damage

allostatic overload- occurs with repeated or chronic stress- adverse effects on physical and psychological health

these processes differ from person to person as a result of differences in genetics, resilience, perception of controllability of stressor

Question 16

Drugs to slow progression of alzheimer’s by delaying breakdown of acetylcholine

Answer 16

donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine

-memantine also slows progression of AD but does so by regulating glutamate activity

Question 17

drugs for treating AUD

Answer 17

acamprosate, naltrexone, disulfiram

-disulfiram (antabuse) makes you feel sick when you drink

-naltrexone reduces pleasurable effects of alcohol and craving

-acamprosate just reduces craving

-topiramate is anti-seizure med used off label to reduce craving and pleasurable effects of alcohol

Question 18

What are the different types of stroke?

Answer 18

ischemic stroke- due to a blockage, either:
1.thrombotic stroke- blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain

2. embolic stroke- blockage developed in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveled through the bloodstream to the brain

hemorrhagic stroke - due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery
1. intracerebral hemorrhage- within the brain
2. subarachnoid hemorrhage- in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain

Question 19

Deficits of what neurons and where are associated with Parkinson’s?

Answer 19

loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra is related to the motor symptoms

loss of norepinephrine neurons in the locus coeruleus (located in the brain stem and produces much of the brain’s norepinephrine) has been linked to several of the non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease including depression, cognitive deficits, and sleep disturbances.

Question 20

What is a generalized onset non-motor seizure

Answer 20

also known as absence or petit mal seizures-very brief loss of consciousness with a blank or absent stare and few or no other symptoms

(generalized onset means affects both hemispheres)

Question 21

What is a generalized onset motor seizure?

Answer 21

also known as tonic clonic or grand mal seizures. cause change in consciousness and include a tonic phase of stiffening of muscles then a clonic phase of jerky rhythmic movements

(generalized onset means affects both hemispheres)

Question 22

What are the 2 types of focal onset seizures?

Answer 22

focal onset seizures begin in one localized area in one cerebral hemisphere and affect one side of the body

focal onset aware seizures (aka simple partial seizures) do not affect consciousness

focal onset impaired awareness seizures (aka complex partial seizures) cause a change in conscious awareness and may begin with an aura

symptoms depend on the location